Electric appliances and devices are designed to operate at a particular voltage
rated voltage
True/False
On televisions, low voltage can cause fuzzy pictures and a decrease in picture size. High voltage can shorten the life of electronic equipment.
True
Low voltage causes a decrease in incandescent lamp efficiency. A decrease in voltage results in a decrease in illumination output.
10%, 30%
Two major benefits to the Power System in maintaining a
regulated voltage supply to our customers
customer satisfaction, efficiency
The is the point on a feeder where the circuit branches out into various primary circuits
load center
The decrease in voltage on an electric circuit
between the source (distributing station) and the load (the load center).
voltage drop
Ways to deal with voltage drop
Shortening the length of the feeder
Reducing feeder load
Compensating for voltage drop
Works on the turns-ratio principle
Step regulators
Uses the magnetic flux principle
Induction regulators
True/False
By limiting the range of regulation to a value less than 10 percent, only a portion of the secondary winding is in the load circuit. Losses and heating are reduced, so the current carrying capacity of the regulator can be increased.
True
When an autotransformer is used to step up the voltage, part of the single winding acts as the , and the entire winding acts as the
primary, secondary
When an autotransformer is used to step down the voltage, the entire winding acts as the , and part of the winding acts as the
primary, secondary
The calculates the necessary change in the
voltage by simulating the voltage drop in the feeder between the
regulator and the load center
line-drop compensator
On the basis of the information from the line-drop compensator, the will raise or lower the voltage, provided that time and bandwidth requirements are met
contact-making voltmeter (CMV or CMVM)
There are two types of line-drop compensators
balance beam and electronic.
True/False
The basic bandwidth used by the DWP is 2 volts. This "bandwidth" prevents the voltage regulator from responding to minor changes in voltage. Such a response is referred to as "hunting"
True
In Step Type Regulators, this changes the percentage of regulation
limit switches
Less percentage of regulation allows more load to be carried
"Load bonus" feature
Limit switches adjustments are made by who....
Power Quality group of Power Transmission and Distribution.
True/False
Voltage regulators set for 10 percent regulation will maintain the voltage within a zone of 10 percent above nominal voltage and 10 percent below nominal voltage
True
The oil in Voltage Regulators serves two purposes
cooling and insulating
True/False
Regulators use convection to circulate oil in the cooling fins. If the oil level is below the top opening on the fins, there will be NO oil circulation.
True
True/False
The Transfer Bus is the common point for feeders and the
unregulated Transfer Bus Tie
True
What device prevents the regulator from short circuiting when the finger contact are on two separate contacts with different potential
preventative autotransformer
In Induction Regulators, the moveable coils are called the
rotor
True/False
The rotor is also referred to as the primary or input winding
True
True/False
In Induction Regulators, the stationary coil is the stator, which is also called the secondary or output winding
True
Induction regulators work on the principle of voltage
induced
When the rotor is to the stator, it cannot induce any voltage in the stator
perpendicular
The maximum voltage change occurs when the rotor is to the stator.
parallel
True/False
The secondary winding is also called the stator because it is
stationary.
True
When the rotor is in the direction of the source voltage, the voltage is .
raised
The controls reactance caused at or near neutral by effectively short-circuiting the stator
short-circuit winding
There are two major reasons why voltage regulators may need to be placed on neutral.
To prevent circulating current
to match voltage when making or breaking parallel
The controls reactance caused at or near neutral by effectively short-circuiting the stator
short-circuit winding
Most regulators are , meaning that the regulator
power supply is also the power supply to the regulator voltmeter
self-contained
Short circuit current is greatest in a regulator that is
one step off neutral
True/False
Short circuit current decreases as the regulator approaches
full boost or full buck
True
At one step off neutral, there is the least amount of in the secondary
impedance
True/False
Short-circuits and open-circuits within the regulator may cause an explosion
True
What are the to options to employ if a regulator becomes excessively overloaded:
The feeder should be placed on the Transfer Bus unregulated
blocking the regulators on neutral
Regulators that are continually adjusting the voltage are said to be
hunting
Regulators may hunt due to faulty
Contact making voltmeter
Time delay
Bandwidth setting
True/False
A "hunting" regulator may cause the motor circuit to trip or fuses to be blown.
True
Removing the inner parts of a step regulator is referred to
as
untanking a regulator
Cutting the regulators flat allows the feeder to be supplied through the feeder position
un-regulated
A permits the performance of specified work on specified circuits
Work Authority
A on any circuit requires that it be Disconnected from specified sources of hazardous energy (usually electrical), and remain Disconnected until the is released,
or turned in
Clearance, Clearance
, when used to describe the preparation of electrical circuits for a Work Authority, means that an open, usually one that is visible, exists between specified sources of electrical energy and the circuit that is being prepared for work
Disconnected
Any time a device is used to Disconnect a circuit for a Work Authority, an must be applied
Accident Prevention Tag (APT
True/False
A Clearance is required when it is necessary to enter within the MAD of a circuit that is normally energized above 600-V.
True
In order to create a Clearance, the circuit must be , , and have applied to the points of disconnection
de-energized, Disconnected, APTs
When working on one circuit that is close enough to another to
potentially breach the MAD of the second circuit
Clearance is said to be for work in proximity
These Clearances are either issued to a Field Representative, a Facility Field Representative, or directly to an Authorized Person performing work
Primary Clearance
Multiple may be issued to different Authorized Persons based on the original , so long as the nature of the work and the time to complete the work fits within the scope and time frame of the Primary Clearance
Secondary Clearances, Primary Clearance
A may be issued in the following circumstances
On Local Equipment under Local Jurisdiction
• Circuits operating at 600-V and below
• Contained within one Electric Station
• Not otherwise designated as System Equipment
• On pieces of System Equipment on which a Switch, Work, and Restore (SWR) has been issued
Local Clearance
True/False
When work is planned to take more than one day, the Work Authority Holder will return their Secondary Clearance at the end of each work day
True
What is the process when the holder of a Clearance has to leave the station while work is in progress
1. The new Authorized Person is shown the limits of the Clearance and the work area hazards.
2. A second Secondary Clearance is issued to the new Authorized Person.
3. The Operator witnesses and documents as the original Work Authority Holder transfers the jurisdiction (or ownership) of their TPGs to the new Work Authority Holder.
4. The original Work Authority Holder turns in their Secondary Clearance.
additional Authorized Persons may not perform additional work under the existing Secondary Clearance unless it:
Will be coordinated and supervised by the Work Authority Holder
Does not interfere with any existing Work Authorities
Fits within the scope of the original Primary and Secondary Clearances
If it does not, the existing Clearances may be amended to include the additional work
The key word to look for when using this type of “large,” or Boundary Clearance, is
including
True/False
There is no policy as to how many pieces of equipment may be included in a Boundary Clearance, so clear communications between the Load Dispatcher, Operator, and Work Authority Holder are vital
True
Authorized Person holding a Clearance from the Load Dispatcher on a Line or Cable may perform work within an Electric Station on the potheads or insulators of that circuit
without an additional Clearance from the station on that circuit when
The Operator verifies with the Load Dispatcher that the Work Authority Holder is holding a Clearance on the circuit in question and the work they wish to perform in the station is within the scope of work of their Clearance
The Operator discusses the work with the Work Authority Holder and explains to them the hazards of nearby station equipment
The Operator shall determine if any additional Work Authorities are required for the safety of the personnel performing the work, such as additional Clearances for work in proximity
A permanent record of all operations and conditions that have any
bearing on the operation of a Substation
Log
Form 815 -- a record of equipment changes and maintenance
Foreman's Report
True/False
The general rules for logging information are fairly simple, the information needs to be accurate, clear, and complete.
True
True/False
All CLEARANCE stamps are used at the beginning of the log entry
True
True/False
The Clearance in the field stamp is used to record information received from the Load Dispatcher that a Clearance has been issued on a circuit and work is being done at a remote location
True
True/False
The boxes on a Clearance in the Field stamp are used to record the number of such Clearances in the field that exist simultaneously on the same circuit.
True
True/False
It is not possible for a Clearance in the field and a station Clearance to exist on the same circuit at the same time.
False
True/False
The Local stamp is also used for work performed when the Load Dispatcher has transferred jurisdiction to the station
True
GROUND SWITCH LOCKED CLOSEDis followed by
Name of circuit
APT( )
Applied by
Requested by
When a Ground Switch is opened, the GROUND SWITCH LOCKED CLOSED must be
canceled with a cancel stamp
Whenever a portable ground is installed in a station, the placement of the portable ground needs to be
witnessed
The PORTABLE GROUND ONstamp is followed by
circuit/equipment
location
APT ( )
person who applied
person who witnessed
Electrical Trouble Dispatcher handles the following....
Conducting 4.8kV Ground Searches
Handling Substation Voltage Complaints
Reporting Field Hazards
Reporting Delayed Feeder Relays Data
Medical, Fire and Police Emergencies
Transfer a Call
Transfer Key
phone number
Transfer Key
Medical, Fire and Police emergencies are reported to the Electric
Trouble Board at what extension
74111
True/False
In 900 MHz Radio communication, SSO has been assigned Power 1 (Mode 67) channel
True
A declaration made by the Load Dispatcher or Electric Trouble Dispatcher that the involved circuit, circuit component, or equipment has been Disconnected and/or Isolated from specified sources of energy and will remain so Disconnected and/or Isolated
Out of Service
IS
– 34.5kv Customer Station – (12kv, 13.8kv, 16kv)
Who would an operator need to communicate with
ACO
Load Dispatchers
Electrical Trouble Dispatcher
Other operators
True/False
APTs may be attached to an energized
or dangerous device or equipment
True
Systems and components covered by this order shall include, but are not limited to, the following
Electrical equipment and circuits designed for operation in excess of 50 volts.
Vessels, piping, and other equipment designed for operation in excess of 15 psig or 130'F (54.4OC) or to contain hazardous substances
Aqueducts, penstocks, tanks, and other related hydraulic equipment and structures.
Additional systems and components as determined by the facility superintendent.
True/False
All switching, valving, or other isolating action and
preparation orders for work activities issued by the
Load Dispatcher or Designated Local Dispatcher shall
include orders to apply tags.
True
True/False
Tag numbers for circuits and equipment requiring tagging in more than one jurisdiction shall be provided by the Load Dispatcher.
True
True/False
Journey-level craft worker tags in Substations, on equipment such as OUT OF SERVICE potheads, shall be attached by Operators
True
True/False
More than one tag may NOT be attached to common boundary
devices of different systems or components being isolated or prepared for other work under a different CLEARANCE or OK TO
False
True/False
APTs shall be applied immediately after switching, valving, or other isolating or preparation actions, and before any
CLEARANCE, OK TO or OK TO A HOLD IN CASE OF RELA; is issued.
True
Each subsequent lock applied to a shall have an additional tag applied bearing a different tag number
ground switch
True/False
Locks used in lieu of grounds on 34.5-kV cables at Customer
Stations shall be tagged as though they are on grounds.
True
True/False
In regards to portable grounds, In facilities where a Designated Local Dispatcher is not responsible, journey-level craft workers shall issue tag numbers and control the tags.
True
True/False
In regards to missing APTs, Work involving the affected system or component shall be immediately stopped until effective accident prevention tagging can be reestablished. The tag may
not be replaced until the proper location for I
reattaching the tag has been verified.
True
True/False
The Designated Local Dispatcher may direct any Authorized Person to remove such tags
True
True/False
Designated Local Dispatchers may NOT remove tags from a disconnect that is the adjoining point for two CLEARANCES for the purpose of projecting a ground.
False - with their supervisor's and the Load Dispatcher's prior approval
True/False
Ground switch repair work may be done by substituting a portable ground and transferring the tag from the ground switch to the portable ground, with the knowledge and approval of involved CLEARANCE holder
True
True/False
DO NOT OPERATE tags shall be used for CLEARANCE, OUT OF SERVICE, and as appropriate, OK TO _____ tagging applications
True
True/False
CAUTION tags shall be used for OK TO _____ EMERGENCY USE ONLY, and as appropriate, CLEARANCE tagging applications
True
tags shall be used for CLEARANCE, OUT OF SERVICE, construction or installation, and as appropriate, OK TO
tagging applications.
DO NOT CONNECT
tags shall be used for OK TO WORK HOT with a hold in case of relay and OK TO _____ Parallel and Separate Feeders tagging applications
DO NOT RECLOSE
True/False
An OK TO WORK HOT--without a hold in case of relay--does not require any tags.
True
Tags having the lower portion printed with "THIS QUIPMENT/SYSTEM IS UNDER THE JURISDICTION
OF CONSTRUCTION" on a shall be used for systems or components under the jurisdiction of the Construction Manager
green background
Tags having the lower portion printed with
"THIS EQUIPMENT/SYSTEM IS'UNDER THE JURISDICTION
OF TEST & START-UP" on a shall be used for systems or components under the jurisdiction of the Test and Start-up Manager
tan background
Tags having the lower portion printed with "SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS" on a shall be used for systems or components under the jurisdiction of the operating agent
white background
What are the four different yellow blocking caps
Bank In Service
Bus Tie In Service
Bus Tie
Supply For Remote Section
What blocking cap is used for Bus Tie switching at receiving stations.
Bus Tie In Service
cap is used in receiving stations when a bus section is supplied from a bank in another section through a Bus Tie.
The Supply for Remote Section
True/False
On a control board, the Supply For Remote Section cap is placed over the Bank In Service cap of the CB for the bank supplying the “remote section”
True
True/False
Orange blocking caps are also (in addition to open CBs) placed on CB control handles when work is being done on the CB or associated circuit whether the CB is open or closed
True
White Blocking Caps are used on normally open line CBs that are
System Ties
True/False
Blue Blocking Caps are used on the CB control handles adjacent to positions where frequent switching is being performed. The intent is to prevent the accidental operation of
the wrong CB.
True
The purpose of an is to keep all objects in the work area at the same , generally 0-V
EPZ, electrical potential
What are two potential hazards that still exist once the circuit/equipment is grounded
The hazard of the circuit becoming energized accidentally or unintentionally
The hazard of the circuit being energized through induction
Low-resistance devices designed to:
Cause immediate operation of protective devices (relays) in case of energization
Conduct the maximum fault current that could flow for the time necessary to clear the fault
Temporary Protective Grounds
A set of gang operated disconnects, one side of which is
connected to the station ground grid.
ground switch
3 Types of Protective Grounds
Ground Switch
Rack-In Devices
Portable Grounds - Stingers/Ground Cables
True/False
If subsequent grounding requests are made by other Work Authority Holders on the same circuit, the original ground may be utilized. The subsequent requests will be accommodated by
placing an additional APT (with a new number) on the grounds and, in the case of ground switches, an additional lock
True
True/False
A Work Authority Holder may turn in their Secondary Clearance with grounds still on the circuit. They must clearly state the status of the circuit and grounds when clearing off.
True
True/False
A witness is required when operating a ground switch
False
True/False
If the ground switch is closed at the request of a Work Authority Holder, it is to be closed in the presence of that person
True
Ground Switch repair:
If the ground switch was closed on orders from the Load Dispatcher, an substitute portable grounds must be issued by the Load Dispatcher before the ground switch may be opened
OK TO
A procedure used when a circuit must be grounded for work and applying portable grounds directly to it would be impossible or unduly hazardous.
Projecting a ground
Requests for CLEARANCES and OKs TO needed for work
within an unattended station are made to the having jurisdiction over the station
Area Scheduler
True/False
Electric Station Operator, may place a station on local
control and perform necessary switching without first contacting the Load Dispatcher - Emergency Switching
True
When the system frequency is between 59.1 and 57.2 hertz, automatic under frequency occurs
load shedding
True/False
During emergency situations, it may be necessary to limit a Type 1 inspection, even further, to include only that equipment that is directly involved in the emergency, and its solution.
True
Best way to describe a type 1 sta. insp
To ensure that no abnormal conditions exist in a station that may interfere with equipment about to be operated
Contains information on how chemicals can have adverse effects on the health of workers who over exposed to them
SDS sheets
The condition of a circuit after the associated automatic reclosing device has tested the circuit a pre-determined number of times and has failed to successfully re-energize the circuit
Locked out
A declaration made by the Load Dispatcher or Electric Trouble Dispatcher that the involved circuit, circuit component, or equipment has been Disconnected and/or Isolated from specified sources of energy and will remain so Disconnected and/or Isolated
Out of Service
How to handle gas cylinders
All compressed gas cylinders shall be stored and used in an up right position, either in a rack or secured by chain
limited power outages are intentionally caused to isolate these circuits to clear a fault
Short-term
For applications where current values are relatively small and where fault conditions are not anticipated
Fuses
For applications where current values are great, where conditions other than high current may be necessary to sense abnormal circuit conditions, and where periodic repeated faults may be anticipated
Relays
When a fault or short circuit occurs, the in the circuit increases rapidly
current
What two design factors affect the point at which a fuse will operate
Thickness of the element (wire)
Material used
Pros and Cons of Fuses
Reliable and inexpensive
Lack the capability to be selective
True/False
A fuse is incapable of determining the location of a fault
True
Pros and Cons of Relays
Reusability - ability to re-energize circuit quickly
Adjustability - ability to change current value and speed of operation
Sensitivity - small adjustment result in large current values
Selectivity - ability to determine the location of a fault
Fuse and Relays are designed to limit the dangers posed by fault conditions to , , and
personnel, equipment, electrical service
Governs the technical activities and operations of the Power Services organization
Operating Orders
Governs the actions of Operators and Load Dispatchers.
Operating Bulletins
Operating Orders and Operating Bulletins are grouped together in a three-volume set of gold binders
System Operations Procedures
Governs the activities and operations of Load Dispatchers at the Energy Control Center (ECC).
Instructions to Load Dispatchers
Governs the activities, and operations of Electric Station
Operators.
SIBs - Substation Instructions Bulletins
A person who is a Qualified Person in their current job classification, been trained to safely and competently hold
Work Authorities, demonstrated their knowledge of policies, practices, and procedures related to Work Authorities
Authorized Person - Qualified Person
Authorized Persons include
Electric Station Operators
Line Patrol Mechanics
Electric Station Maintenance Mechanics
Electrical Testers & System Protection Personnel
Design & Construction Mechanics
An Authorized Person who is employed by the Department and designated by their Superintendent to receive and reissue Work Authorities from the Load Dispatcher. They also can
originate local Work Authorities on circuits and equipment under their jurisdiction
Field Representative - Employed by the Department
Field Representatives include:
Operators
Line Patrol Mechanics
Electric Trouble Dispatchers
Electric Station Maintenance Electric Mechanics
Employees who have been designated by their Superintendent to have the authority to issue switching and tagging orders, work authorizations, declare systems and components IN and OUT OF SERVICE, and coordinate maintenance activities on systems and components under local
jurisdiction.
Designated Local Dispatchers - Operators
All or any part of the activity necessary to keep a station or station equipment in good “running” condition
running maintenance
All equipment, and associated connections within a station building or enclosure, on a station roof, or attached to any station rack
station equipment
Is in immediate charge of the personnel of the Area. The ACO is responsible to the Area Operations Manager, and advises Area management of all conditions affecting the operation of the Area.
The Area Control Operator - ACO
A statement from the Load Dispatchers or their representatives that specified work may be done on or near a specified circuit or equipment without the same necessarily being disconnected or isolated from specified sources of energy
OK TO
An is a statement from the Load Dispatcher that work may be done on energized lines or equipment.
OK TO WORK HOT
True/False
An OK TO may be issued on equipment in a variety of conditions. The equipment may be either energized or deenergized, pressurized or de pressurized
True
What station equipment is under local control where an OK TO can be originated
All circuits below 600 volts,
Local services auxiliaries, hydraulic pipelines, steam boilers and their appurtenant equipment, etc
True/False
OK TO WORK HOT has been issued on a feeder, no
CLEARANCES and no OKs TO PARALLEL AND SEPARATE shall
subsequently be issued until the Authorized Person holding the OKTO WORK HOT has been notified
True
A 4.8kV circuit that radially supplies customers
Feeder
A is the group of equipment that usually includes:
• 4.8kV Front and Rear Bus disconnects
• Circuit breaker
• Set of regulators
• Feeder Regulator Disconnects
• Voltmeters, ammeters, current transformers, and other metering
equipment
Feeder Position
The process of moving the feeder from the feeder position to the Transfer Bus
transferring a feeder
The group of equipment that includes:
• Disconnects to the 4.8kV Front and Rear Buses
• Circuit breaker
• Conductors
• Disconnects to the 4.8kV Transfer Bus
Transfer Bus Tie - TBT
Feeders in a Gas Company style distributing station are normally
supplied from the
4.8kV Reactor Bus
True/False
In a Gas Co style station, Feeders can be supplied from
the 4.8kV Transfer Bus either regulated or unregulated.
True
There are for the Transfer Bus, the lamps will light if the Transfer Bus is energized.
three indication lamps
When switching a Feeder on a Sectionalized Main Bus style station, the electrical test of the Transfer Bus provides proof of two items.
No feeder is presently connected to the Transfer Bus.
The Transfer Bus has been tested for 4.8kV grounds
Temporary signs that have preprinted instructions and markings and are used to:
Restrict operation or other action so that personnel and/or systems and components are protected
Warn that the tagged system or component is in a condition for test or maintenance activities
Indicate if the system or component is under the operating jurisdiction of an organizational unit other than the operating agent
