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Albumin
- No restrictions
- Normal Ranges: 3.5-5g
- Hypo S/S: Hypoalbuminemia: peripheral edema, asites
- Hyper S/S: Hyperalbuminemia: dehydration, severe vomiting, severe diarrhea
- A decrease could result from: cirrhosis of the liver, acute liver failure, pre-eclampsia, colitis
- An increase could result from: dehydration
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Calcium
- No restrictions
- Normal Ranges: 9-11mg/dl
- Hypocalcemia: Tetany, twitches, tremores,spasms of larynx, tinging numbness in fingers
- Hypercalcemia: Lethargy, headaches, weakness, muscle flaccidity, heart block, anorexia
- Decrease could result from: diarrhea, malabsorption of Ca from GI tract, extensive infections, chronic renal failure, pancreatitis
- Increase could result from: Hyperthyroidism, malignant, neoplasm of the bone, lung, breast, bladder, or kidney, multiple myeloma
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Glucose
- NPO except H20 12 hours before
- Normal Ranges: 70-110 mg/dl
- Hypoglycemia: nervousness, weakness, confusion, cold/clammy skin, diaphoresis, increased pulse rate
- Hyperglycemia: excessive thirst (polydipsia), excessive urination (polyuria), excessive hunger (polyphagia) and weight loss
- A decrease could result from: Hypoglycemic reaction, stomach, liver, lung cancer, cirrhosis of liver, adrenal gland hypofunction.
- An increase could result from: DM, diabetes acidosis, adrenal gland hyperfunction (Cushing's), acute MI, infections, renal failure
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Phosphorus
- NPO except H20 8hrs before
- Normal Ranges: 2.5-4.5 mg/dl
- Hypophosphatemia: anorexia, pain in the muscles and bones
- Hyperphosphatemia: hypocalcemia
- A decrease could result from: Anorexia, pain in muscle and bones, tetany (muscle spasms)
- An increase could result from: Kidney dysfunction, decreased urine output (<25cc/hr or <600cc/day
- Decreased Ca levels
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Potassium
- No restrictions
- Normal Ranges: 3.5-5.3 mEq/L
- PANIC: if below 3.5 or above 7
- Hypoalkalemia: hypotension, dizziness, cardiac dysrythmias, leg cramps, abdominal distension, NVD
- Hyperalkalemia: Bradycardia, twitching, tingling, oliguria, numbness of extremities
- A Decrease could result from: vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration, malnutrition, starvation, stress, diabetic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis
- An Increase could result from:Oliguria and Anuria, acute renal failure, IV potassium in fluids, Addison's diseases, burns
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Sodium
- No restrictions
- Normal Ranges: 135-145mEq/L
- Hyponatremia: Apprehension, anxiety, muscular twitching, muscular weakness, headaches, tachycardia
- Hypernatremia: Restlessness, thirst, flushed skin, sticky mucous membranes, a rough, dry tongue, tachycardia
- A decrease could result from: vomiting, diarreah, diaphoresis, tissue injury, SIADH, burns
- An increase could result from: Dehydration, sever vomiting, diarrhea, CHF, hepatic failure
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Chloride
- No restrictions
- Normal Range: 95-105mEq/L
- Hypochloremia: Hyperexcitability of nervous system and muscle tetany, slow shallow breathing
- Hyperchloremia: Weakness, lethargy, deep, vigorous breathing
- A decrease could result from: vomiting, diarreah, hyponatremia, hypokalemia, diabetic acidosis, heat exhaustion, metabalkalosis
- An increase could result from: Hypernatremia, hyperparathyroidism, head injuries, hyperventilation, metabolic acidosis.
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BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen)
- NPO 8hrs
- Normal Ranges: 5-25mg/dL
- Hypo S/S: Overhydration, liver failure
- Hyper S/S:Dehyration, decreased blood pressure, fast pulse, increased respiration, severe cough, shock
- A decrease could result from: severe liver damage, low protein diet, overhydration, malnutrition
- An increase could result from: dehydration, GI bleeding, pre-renal failure, DM, MI, renal insufficiency from shock, sepsis, kidney disease
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Creatinine
- No red meat
- Normal Ranges: 0.5-1.5ml/dL
- Hypo S/S: Creatinine will not increase when hydrated
- A decrease could result from: Pregnancy, eclampsia
- An increase could result from: Acute&Chronic renal failure, prolonged shock, leukemias, cancers, Hodgkin's disease
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