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Is tbe study of microbes which are microscopic living organism
Microbiology
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Livjng microbes are known as
Cellular microbes
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Acclular microbes are non living microbes
Infectious particles
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Microoganisn are ubiquitous meaning
Virtually found everywhere
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Acellular infectious agents are
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Cellular microorganisms are
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Archaea and Bacteria are consider what
Procaryotes
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Algae, fungi and protozoa are consider to be what
Eucaryotes
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Pathogens are what
Disease causing microbes
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Indigenous microfloral are what
Microbes living in or on body
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Can causes dizease but doesnt just awaitz the opportunity to
Opportunistic Pathogen
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Two categories of diseases
- Infectious diseases
- Microbial Intoxications
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A pathogen colonizes persons body and cause a disease
Infectious disease
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Pathogen produces a toxjn in vitro and person ingest toxin causing disease
Microbial intoxication
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Lives on death and decay matter
Saprophytes
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Microbes used to clean up toxic wastes
Bioremediation
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Types of culture media
- Liquid
- Solid
- Biochemical reaction
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Interfere with synthesis of the bacterial cell wall that have maximum effect on dividing bacteria
Bactericidal
Penicillin
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Examples of penicillin
- Amoxil
- Augmentin
- Ampicillin
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Beta lactam antibiotics thus interferes cell and walls
Bactericidal
Cephalosporin
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First Generation of cephalosporin
- + Bacteria
- StepCCC
- StaphyCCC
oral and umcompli skin infection
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Second generation of cephalosporin
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Third generation of cephalosporin
- -Bacteria and some +
- SterpCCC Penicillin
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Fourth generation of cephalosporin
- +CCC and - BLL
- Enterobacteriaceae
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Fifth generation of cephalospoein
- MRSA, Penicillin CCC
- +CCC
- -BLL
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Broad spectrum drugs that targets bacterial ribosomes and inhibits protein synthesis
Bacteriostatic
Tetracyclines
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Broad spectrum that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis for aerobic -bacteria
Bactericidal
Treats infections from entetobacteriaceae
Aminoglycosides
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Inhibits protein synthesis, bacteriostatic @ low Bactericidal @ high
Binds to cell membrane to change protein function
Macrolides
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Bactericidal inhibits DNA synthesis
Interfere DNA replication of - bacteria
Fluoroquinolones
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Antibacterial agents are
- Penicillin
- Cephalosporin
- Tetracyclines
- Aminoglycosides
- Fluorquinolones
- Macrolide
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Antiviral agents are classified into subclasses of
- Respiratory Virus infection
- Hepatic viral infection
- Herpes virus
- HIV
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Respiratory virus infections are
- Neurominidase Inhibitors
- Adamantane antivirals
- Ribavirin
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Hepatic virus infections are
- Lamivudine
- Adefovir
- Entecavir
- Telbivudine
- Boceprevir and Telaprevir
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Herpes virus are
- Acyclovir
- Cidofovir
- Foscarnet
- Ganciclovir
- Penciclovir and Famciclovir
- Trifluridine
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HIV are
- NRTI (Nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase)
- NNRTI (Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase)
- Protease inhibitors
- Entry inhibitors
- Integrase inhibitors
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Under NRTI are
- Zidovudine (AZT)
- Stavudine (d4T)
- Didanosine (ddl)
- Tenofovir (TDF)
- Lamivudine (3TC)
- Emtricitabine (FTC)
- Abacavir (ABC)
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Under NNRTI are
- Nevirapine (NVP)
- Delavirdine (DLV)
- Efavirenz (EFV)
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Both type A & B influenza virus
Oselta and Zana
Neuraminidase inhibitors
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Oseltamivir is...
- Oral active
- Hydrolyzed by liver
- AE: GI discomfort
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Zanamivir is...
- Via Inhalation
- Unchanged urine
- AE: GI discomfort
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Limited to influenza A infection
Not for prophylaxis
Adamantane antivrials
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Amantadine is...
- Oral and penetrates BBB
- Unchanged urine
- AE: GI tolerance
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Rimatidine is...
- Oral and doesnt cross BBB
- Metabolized at liver (metabolite and parent eliminated by kidney)
- AE: GI tolerance
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Synthetic guanosine analog on RNA and DNA viruses
Ribavirin
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Ribavirin is...
- Orally and inhaled (aerosol when RSV infection) given with FATTY meal
- Metabolite and drug elimintaed urine
- AE: dose dependent transient anemia
- Contraind: pregg
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Cytosine analog phosphy by cellular enzyme and inhibitor of both HepB virus and HIV RT
Inhibiting RNA dependent DNA polymerase
Lamivudine
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Lamivudine is...
- Oral
- Unchanged urine
- Well tolerated
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Nucleotide analog phosphy by cellular kinase and if incorporate to viral DNA terminates chain elongation of HBV
Adefovir
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Adefovir is...
Renally excreted via glomerular filtration and tubular secretion
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Guanosine nucleoside analog Tx for HBV
Effective against Lamivudine resistant strain in HBV
Entecavir
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Enetcavir is...
- Unchanged urine
- Concomitant with renal toxicity drugs, avoid
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Thymidine analog Tx of HBV and once incorporated terminates elongation of DNA chain
Telbivudine
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Telbivudine is...
- Oral 1x/day
- Eliminated by Glomerular Filtration as unchanged drug adjust to renal fail
- AE: elev in liver enzyne and creatin kinase
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First oral direct-acting antiviral agents for adjunctive Tx of chronic HCV gentoype 1
Once binc with NS3 inhibits viral replication in host
Low barrier resistance
Used in combi with pegIFN alfa and ribavirin
Boceprevir and Telaprevir
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Telaprevir is...
- Given with non-low fat meal
- AE: anorectal discomfort
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Guanosine analog Prototypic antiherpetic therapeutic agent cater Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 &2, Varicella Zoster virus
Phosphy by host cell kinase and incorporate cause premature DNA chain termination
Tx choice for HSV encephalitis and genital herpes
Acyclovir
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Acyclovir is...
- IV, Oral, Topical
- Well distributed
- Metabolize and Excreted by glomerular filtration and tubular secretion
- AE: depends on route
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Nucleotide analog of cytosine
Tx for cytomegalovirus retinitis with AIDS
Inhibits viral DNA synthesis
Slow elimination
Cidofovir
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Cidofovir is...
- IV
- Produce renal toxicity abd contraind to renal impairment
- Oral probenecid and IV normal salin (coadministered with)
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What did the highly active anitretroviral therapy do
Declined CMV infections
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Phosphonoformate and reversibly inhibit viral DNA and RNA synthesis
Foscarnet
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Foscarnet is...
- IV
- Eliminated by glomerular filtration and tubular secretion
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Analog of acyclovir with greater activity against CMV
Tx for CMV retinitis
Phosphy by viral and cellular enzyme inhibiting viral DNA polymerase = chain termination
Ganciclovir
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Ganciclovir is...
- IV and distribute throughout body
- Excretion by glomerular filtration and tubular secretion out urine
- AE: dose dependent Neutropenia and carcinogenic ,embryotoxic and teratogenic
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Acyclic guanosine nucleoside derivative for HSV 1&2 and VZV
Phosphy by viral thymidine kinase and inhibits HSV DNA polymerase
Penciclovir and Famciclovir
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Penciclovir is...
Topical
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Famciclovir is...
- Oral
- Acyclic analog prodrug metabolized to active penciclovir
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Fluorinated pyrimidine nuclroside analog inhibiting incorporation of thymidine triphosphate
Active against HSV 1&2 adn Vaccinia virus
Trifluridine
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Trifluridine is...
- Topical ophthalmice preparation
- AE: transient irritation and palpebral edema
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HIV preferred initial therapy
Combi or 2 NRTI with PI, 1 NNRTI or INTEGRASE inhibitor
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Analog of native ribosides phosphy by cellular enzymes and incorporate viral DNA by RT= chain elongation terminated
NRTI
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All NRTI are renally excreted except
- Abacavir (ABC)
- metabolized by alcohol dehyrdogenase
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NRTI is..
Inhibition of mitochondrial DNA POLYMERASE
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First agent available for Tx of HIV infection preventing perinatal transmission of HIV
Zidovudine (AZT)
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Zidovudine (AZT) is...
- Oral
- Penetrate BBB
- Glucucorinated by liver then out urine
- Concomitant stavudine and ribavirin, avoid
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Analog of thymidine Tx of HIV
Stavudine (d4T)
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Stavudine (d4T) is...
- Oral
- Penetrate BBB
- Unchanged urine
- Renal impairment interferes with clearance
- Strong inhibitor of DNA polymerase reducing mitochondrial DNA synthesis = toxicity
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Didanosine (ddl) is...
- Acid lability so TAKE IN FASTING STATE
- Penetrates CSF but less than zidovudine (AZT)
- Parent drug at urine
- Major toxicity so monitor serum amylase
- Concomitant stavudine, avoid
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Nucleotide analog acyclic jucleoside phosphonate analog phosphy is by cellurla enzymes
Cross resistance may occur
Inhibitor HIV RT
Tenofovir (TDF)
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Inhibits RT of both HBV and HIV
Good bioavailability on ORAL
Lamivudine (3TC)
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Fluoroderivative of lamivudine inhibiting HIV and HBV RT
Oral
Hyperpigment on sole and palm
Emtricitabine (FTC)
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Guanosie analog
Oral
Glucuronyl transferase and metabolites at urine
Hypersensitivity reaction
Genetic test HLA-B*5701 for potential
Abacavir (ABC)
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Noncompetitive inhibitors of HIV 1 RT
Allosteric hydrophobic site adjacent and result enzyme inhibition
NNRTI
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Combination with antiretroviral drugs in Tx of HIV
W CD4 >250 , avoid
M CD4 >400, avoid
Oral and tissue distribution
AE: rash
Nevirapine (NVP)
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Antiviral efficacy abd inconvenient
Delavirdine (DLV)
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Preffered NNRTI
Oral, empty stomach and well distributed
Metabolized to inactive products
Substrates of CYP450
Efavirenz (EFV)
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Block activity of protease enzyme which HIV breaksdown to small pcs to assembly
Makes immature and unable to infect
Protease inhibitors
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Prevent HIV from entering healthy CD4 (T) cells in body
Entry inhibitor
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Help interfere with other way HIV works
Integrase inhibitor
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Reduce negative impact on already established disease
Tertiary prevention
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