-
Is tbe study of microbes which are microscopic living organism
Microbiology
-
Livjng microbes are known as
Cellular microbes
-
Acclular microbes are non living microbes
Infectious particles
-
Microoganisn are ubiquitous meaning
Virtually found everywhere
-
Acellular infectious agents are
-
Cellular microorganisms are
-
Archaea and Bacteria are consider what
Procaryotes
-
Algae, fungi and protozoa are consider to be what
Eucaryotes
-
Pathogens are what
Disease causing microbes
-
Indigenous microfloral are what
Microbes living in or on body
-
Can causes dizease but doesnt just awaitz the opportunity to
Opportunistic Pathogen
-
Two categories of diseases
- Infectious diseases
- Microbial Intoxications
-
A pathogen colonizes persons body and cause a disease
Infectious disease
-
Pathogen produces a toxjn in vitro and person ingest toxin causing disease
Microbial intoxication
-
Lives on death and decay matter
Saprophytes
-
Microbes used to clean up toxic wastes
Bioremediation
-
Types of culture media
- Liquid
- Solid
- Biochemical reaction
-
Interfere with synthesis of the bacterial cell wall that have maximum effect on dividing bacteria
Bactericidal
Penicillin
-
Examples of penicillin
- Amoxil
- Augmentin
- Ampicillin
-
Beta lactam antibiotics thus interferes cell and walls
Bactericidal
Cephalosporin
-
First Generation of cephalosporin
- + Bacteria
- StepCCC
- StaphyCCC
oral and umcompli skin infection
-
Second generation of cephalosporin
-
Third generation of cephalosporin
- -Bacteria and some +
- SterpCCC Penicillin
-
Fourth generation of cephalosporin
- +CCC and - BLL
- Enterobacteriaceae
-
Fifth generation of cephalospoein
- MRSA, Penicillin CCC
- +CCC
- -BLL
-
Broad spectrum drugs that targets bacterial ribosomes and inhibits protein synthesis
Bacteriostatic
Tetracyclines
-
Broad spectrum that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis for aerobic -bacteria
Bactericidal
Treats infections from entetobacteriaceae
Aminoglycosides
-
Inhibits protein synthesis, bacteriostatic @ low Bactericidal @ high
Binds to cell membrane to change protein function
Macrolides
-
Bactericidal inhibits DNA synthesis
Interfere DNA replication of - bacteria
Fluoroquinolones
-
Antibacterial agents are
- Penicillin
- Cephalosporin
- Tetracyclines
- Aminoglycosides
- Fluorquinolones
- Macrolide
-
Antiviral agents are classified into subclasses of
- Respiratory Virus infection
- Hepatic viral infection
- Herpes virus
- HIV
-
Respiratory virus infections are
- Neurominidase Inhibitors
- Adamantane antivirals
- Ribavirin
-
Hepatic virus infections are
- Lamivudine
- Adefovir
- Entecavir
- Telbivudine
- Boceprevir and Telaprevir
-
Herpes virus are
- Acyclovir
- Cidofovir
- Foscarnet
- Ganciclovir
- Penciclovir and Famciclovir
- Trifluridine
-
HIV are
- NRTI (Nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase)
- NNRTI (Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase)
- Protease inhibitors
- Entry inhibitors
- Integrase inhibitors
-
Under NRTI are
- Zidovudine (AZT)
- Stavudine (d4T)
- Didanosine (ddl)
- Tenofovir (TDF)
- Lamivudine (3TC)
- Emtricitabine (FTC)
- Abacavir (ABC)
-
Under NNRTI are
- Nevirapine (NVP)
- Delavirdine (DLV)
- Efavirenz (EFV)
-
Both type A & B influenza virus
Oselta and Zana
Neuraminidase inhibitors
-
Oseltamivir is...
- Oral active
- Hydrolyzed by liver
- AE: GI discomfort
-
Zanamivir is...
- Via Inhalation
- Unchanged urine
- AE: GI discomfort
-
Limited to influenza A infection
Not for prophylaxis
Adamantane antivrials
-
Amantadine is...
- Oral and penetrates BBB
- Unchanged urine
- AE: GI tolerance
-
Rimatidine is...
- Oral and doesnt cross BBB
- Metabolized at liver (metabolite and parent eliminated by kidney)
- AE: GI tolerance
-
Synthetic guanosine analog on RNA and DNA viruses
Ribavirin
-
Ribavirin is...
- Orally and inhaled (aerosol when RSV infection) given with FATTY meal
- Metabolite and drug elimintaed urine
- AE: dose dependent transient anemia
- Contraind: pregg
-
Cytosine analog phosphy by cellular enzyme and inhibitor of both HepB virus and HIV RT
Inhibiting RNA dependent DNA polymerase
Lamivudine
-
Lamivudine is...
- Oral
- Unchanged urine
- Well tolerated
-
Nucleotide analog phosphy by cellular kinase and if incorporate to viral DNA terminates chain elongation of HBV
Adefovir
-
Adefovir is...
Renally excreted via glomerular filtration and tubular secretion
-
Guanosine nucleoside analog Tx for HBV
Effective against Lamivudine resistant strain in HBV
Entecavir
-
Enetcavir is...
- Unchanged urine
- Concomitant with renal toxicity drugs, avoid
-
Thymidine analog Tx of HBV and once incorporated terminates elongation of DNA chain
Telbivudine
-
Telbivudine is...
- Oral 1x/day
- Eliminated by Glomerular Filtration as unchanged drug adjust to renal fail
- AE: elev in liver enzyne and creatin kinase
-
First oral direct-acting antiviral agents for adjunctive Tx of chronic HCV gentoype 1
Once binc with NS3 inhibits viral replication in host
Low barrier resistance
Used in combi with pegIFN alfa and ribavirin
Boceprevir and Telaprevir
-
Telaprevir is...
- Given with non-low fat meal
- AE: anorectal discomfort
-
Guanosine analog Prototypic antiherpetic therapeutic agent cater Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 &2, Varicella Zoster virus
Phosphy by host cell kinase and incorporate cause premature DNA chain termination
Tx choice for HSV encephalitis and genital herpes
Acyclovir
-
Acyclovir is...
- IV, Oral, Topical
- Well distributed
- Metabolize and Excreted by glomerular filtration and tubular secretion
- AE: depends on route
-
Nucleotide analog of cytosine
Tx for cytomegalovirus retinitis with AIDS
Inhibits viral DNA synthesis
Slow elimination
Cidofovir
-
Cidofovir is...
- IV
- Produce renal toxicity abd contraind to renal impairment
- Oral probenecid and IV normal salin (coadministered with)
-
What did the highly active anitretroviral therapy do
Declined CMV infections
-
Phosphonoformate and reversibly inhibit viral DNA and RNA synthesis
Foscarnet
-
Foscarnet is...
- IV
- Eliminated by glomerular filtration and tubular secretion
-
Analog of acyclovir with greater activity against CMV
Tx for CMV retinitis
Phosphy by viral and cellular enzyme inhibiting viral DNA polymerase = chain termination
Ganciclovir
-
Ganciclovir is...
- IV and distribute throughout body
- Excretion by glomerular filtration and tubular secretion out urine
- AE: dose dependent Neutropenia and carcinogenic ,embryotoxic and teratogenic
-
Acyclic guanosine nucleoside derivative for HSV 1&2 and VZV
Phosphy by viral thymidine kinase and inhibits HSV DNA polymerase
Penciclovir and Famciclovir
-
Penciclovir is...
Topical
-
Famciclovir is...
- Oral
- Acyclic analog prodrug metabolized to active penciclovir
-
Fluorinated pyrimidine nuclroside analog inhibiting incorporation of thymidine triphosphate
Active against HSV 1&2 adn Vaccinia virus
Trifluridine
-
Trifluridine is...
- Topical ophthalmice preparation
- AE: transient irritation and palpebral edema
-
HIV preferred initial therapy
Combi or 2 NRTI with PI, 1 NNRTI or INTEGRASE inhibitor
-
Analog of native ribosides phosphy by cellular enzymes and incorporate viral DNA by RT= chain elongation terminated
NRTI
-
All NRTI are renally excreted except
- Abacavir (ABC)
- metabolized by alcohol dehyrdogenase
-
NRTI is..
Inhibition of mitochondrial DNA POLYMERASE
-
First agent available for Tx of HIV infection preventing perinatal transmission of HIV
Zidovudine (AZT)
-
Zidovudine (AZT) is...
- Oral
- Penetrate BBB
- Glucucorinated by liver then out urine
- Concomitant stavudine and ribavirin, avoid
-
Analog of thymidine Tx of HIV
Stavudine (d4T)
-
Stavudine (d4T) is...
- Oral
- Penetrate BBB
- Unchanged urine
- Renal impairment interferes with clearance
- Strong inhibitor of DNA polymerase reducing mitochondrial DNA synthesis = toxicity
-
Didanosine (ddl) is...
- Acid lability so TAKE IN FASTING STATE
- Penetrates CSF but less than zidovudine (AZT)
- Parent drug at urine
- Major toxicity so monitor serum amylase
- Concomitant stavudine, avoid
-
Nucleotide analog acyclic jucleoside phosphonate analog phosphy is by cellurla enzymes
Cross resistance may occur
Inhibitor HIV RT
Tenofovir (TDF)
-
Inhibits RT of both HBV and HIV
Good bioavailability on ORAL
Lamivudine (3TC)
-
Fluoroderivative of lamivudine inhibiting HIV and HBV RT
Oral
Hyperpigment on sole and palm
Emtricitabine (FTC)
-
Guanosie analog
Oral
Glucuronyl transferase and metabolites at urine
Hypersensitivity reaction
Genetic test HLA-B*5701 for potential
Abacavir (ABC)
-
Noncompetitive inhibitors of HIV 1 RT
Allosteric hydrophobic site adjacent and result enzyme inhibition
NNRTI
-
Combination with antiretroviral drugs in Tx of HIV
W CD4 >250 , avoid
M CD4 >400, avoid
Oral and tissue distribution
AE: rash
Nevirapine (NVP)
-
Antiviral efficacy abd inconvenient
Delavirdine (DLV)
-
Preffered NNRTI
Oral, empty stomach and well distributed
Metabolized to inactive products
Substrates of CYP450
Efavirenz (EFV)
-
Block activity of protease enzyme which HIV breaksdown to small pcs to assembly
Makes immature and unable to infect
Protease inhibitors
-
Prevent HIV from entering healthy CD4 (T) cells in body
Entry inhibitor
-
Help interfere with other way HIV works
Integrase inhibitor
-
Reduce negative impact on already established disease
Tertiary prevention
|
|