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chondro/o
cartilage (gristle)
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dactylo/o
digit (finger or toe)
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my/o, myos/o, muscul/o
muscle
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myel/o
bone marrow or spinal cord
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pelv/i
pelvis (basin) or hip bone
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rhabd/o
rod-shaped or striated (skeletal)
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spondyl/o, vertebr/o
vertebra
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stern/o
sternum (breastbone)
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ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o
tendon (to stretch)
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appendicular skeleton
bones ofthe shoulder, pelvis, and upper and lower extremities
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axial skeleton
bones of the skull, vertebral colum, chest and hyoid bone (u-shaped bone at the base of the tongue)
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bone
specialized connective tissue composed of osteocytes (bone cells); forms the skeleton
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compact bone
tightly solid bone tissue that forms the exterior of bones
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spongy/ cancellousbone
mesh-like bone tissue foudn in the interior of bones, and surrounding the medullary cavity
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long bones
bones of the arms and legs
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short bones
bones of the wrist and ankles
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flat bones
bones of the ribs, shoulder blades, pelvis and skull
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irregular bones
bones of the vertebrae and face
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sesamoid bones
round bones found near joints ex. the patella
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epiphysis
wide ends of a long bone
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diaphysis
shaft of a long bone
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metaphysis
growth zone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis during development of a long bone
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endosteum
membrane lining the medullary cavity of a bone
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medullary cavity
cavity within the shaft of the long bones ;filled with bone marrow
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bone marrow
soft connective tissue within the medullary cavity of bones
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red bone marrow
functions to form red blood cells, some white blood cells, and platelets; found in the cavities of most bones in infants and in the flat bones in adults
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yellow bone marrow
gradually replaces red bone marrow in adult bones; functions as storage for fat tissue and is inactive in the formation fo blood cells
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periosteum
a fibrous, vascular membrane that covers the bone
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articular cartilage
a gristle-like substance on bones where they articulate
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articulation
a joint; the point where two bones come together
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bursa
a fibrous sac between certain tendons and bones that is lined with a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid
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disk or disc
a flat, plate-like structure composed of fibrocartilaginous tissue between vertebrae that reduces friction
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nucleus pulposus
the soft, fibrocartilaginous, central portion of intervertebral disk
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ligament
a flexible band of fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone
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synovial membrane
membrane lining the capsule of a joint
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synovial fluid
joint-lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane
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muscle
tissue composed of fibers that can contract, causing movements of an organ or part of the body
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striated/skeletal muscle
voluntary muscle attached to the skeleton
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smooth muscle
involuntary muscle found in internal organs
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cardiac muscle
muscle of the heart
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origin of a muscle
muscle end attached to the bone that does not move when the muscle contracts
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insertion of a muscle
muscle end attached to the bone that moves when the muscle contracts
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tendon
a band of fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone
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fascia
a band or sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscle
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anatomic or anatomical position
person is standing upright, facing forward, feet pointed forward and slightlly apart, with arms at the sides and palms facing forward.
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body planes
reference plances for indicating the location or direction of body parts
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coronal/frontal plane
vertical division of the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions
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sagittal plane
vertical division of the body into right and left portions
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transverse plane
horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions
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anterior/ventral
front of the body
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posterior/dorsal
back of the body
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anterior-posterior (AP)
from front to back, as in reference to the direction of an x-ray beam
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posterior-anterior(PA)
from back to front, as in reference to the direction of an x-ray beam
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superior/cephalic
situated above another structure, toward the head
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inferior/caudal
situated below another structure, away from the head
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proximal
toward the beginning or origin of a structure
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distal
away from the beginning or origin of a structure
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axis
the imaginary line that runs through the center of the body or a body part
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erect
normal standing position
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prone
lying face down and flat
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supine
horizontal recumbent lying flat on the back
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flexion
bending at the joint so that the angle between the bones is decreased
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extension
straightening at the joint so that the angle between the bones is increased
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abduction
movement away from the body
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adduction
movement toward the body
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rotation
circular movement around the axis
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supination
turning of the palmar surface (palm of hand) or plantar surface (sole of foot) upward or forward
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pronation
turning of the palmar surface or plantar surface downward or backward
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dorsiflexion
bending of the foot or the toes upward
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plantar flexion
bendinf of the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground
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range of motion
total motion possible in a joint, described by the terms related to body movements. measured in degrees
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goniometer
intrument used to measure joint angles
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atrophy
shrinking of muscle size
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crepitation/crepitus
grating sound sometimes made by the movement of a joint or broken bones
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exostosis
a projection arising from a bone that develops from cartilage
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flaccid
flabby, relaxed, or having defective or absent muscle tone
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hypertrophy
increase in the size of tissue, such as muscle
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hypotonia
reduced muscle tone or tension
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rigor/rigidity
stiffness; stiff muscle
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spastic
uncontrolled contractions of skeletal muscles, causing stiff and awkward movements
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tetany
tension; prolonged, continuous muscle contraction
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tremor
shaking; rhythmic muscular movement
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ankylosis
stiff joint condition
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arthritis
infl. of the joints characterized by pain, swelling, redness, warmth, and limitation of motion.
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osteoarthritis/ degenerative arthritis/degenerative joint disease
most common form of arthritis, especially affecting the weight-bearing joints, characterized by the erosion of articular cartilage
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rheumatoid arthritis
most crippling form of arthritis; characterized by chronic, systemic inflammation, most often affecting joints and synovial membranes and causing ankylosis and deformity
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gouty arthritis
acute attacks of arthritis, usually in a single joints caused by hyperuricemia
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bony necrosis/sequestrum
bone tissue that has died from loss of blood suppy, such as can occur after a fracture
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bunion
swelling of the joint at the base of the great toe caused by inflammation of the bursa
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bursitis
inflammation of a bursa
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chondromalacia
softening of cartilage
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epiphysitis
inflammation of the epiphyseal regions of the long bone
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fracture
broken or cracked bone
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closed fracture
broken bone with no open wound
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open fracture
compound fracture; broken bone with an open wound
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simple fracture
nondisplaced fracture with one fracture line that does not require extensive treatment to repair.
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complex fracture
displaced fracture that requires manipulation or surgery to repair
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fracture line
the line of the break in a broken bone
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communuted fracture
broken in many small pieces
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greenstick fracture
bending and incomplete break of a bone; most often seen in children
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herniated disk
protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disk so that the nucleus pulposus protrudes, causing compression on the nerve root
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myeloma
bone marrow tumor
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myositis
inflammation of muscle
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leiomyoma
smooth muscle tumor
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leiomyosarcoma
malignant smooth muscle tumor
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rhabdomyoma
skeletal muscle tumor
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rhabdomyosarcoma
malignant skeletal muscle tumor
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muscular dystrophy
a category of genetically transmitted diseases characterized by progressive atrophy of skeletal muscles; duchenne type is most commom
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osteosarcoma
type of malignant bone tumor
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osteomalacia
disease marked by softening of the bone caused by the calcium and vitamin D deficiency
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rickets
osteomalacia in children; causes bone deformity
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osteomyelitis
infection of bone marrow, causing inflammation
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osteoporosis
condition of decreased bone density and increased porosity, causing bones to become brittle and to fracture more easily
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spinal curvatures
curvatures of the spine (backbone) or spinal column
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kyphosis
abnormal posterior curvature of the thoracic spine (humped-back condition)
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lordosis
abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine (sway-back condition)
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scoliosis
abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
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spondylolisthesis
forward slipping of lumbar vertebra
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spondylosis
stiff, immobile condition of vertebrae caused by joint degeneration
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sprain
injury to a ligament caused by joint trauma but w/out joint dislocation or fracture
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subluxation
partial dislocation
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tendinitis or tendonitis
inflammation of a tendon
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electromyogram (EMG)
a neurodiagnostic, graphic record of the electrical activity of muscle both at rest and during contraction; used to diagnose neuromusculoskeletal disorders; usually performed by a neurologist
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magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
a nonionizing (no x-ray) imaging technique using magnetic fields and radiofrequency waves to visualize anatomic structures; useful in orthopedic studies to detect joint, tendon, and vertebral disk disorders
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radionuclide organ imaging/bone scan
a nuclear scan of bone tissue to detect a tumor; malignancy, etc
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radiography
an imaging modality using x-rays; commonly used in orthopedics to visualize the extremities, ribs, back, shoulders, and joints
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arthrogram
a radiograph of a joint taken after the injection of a contrast medium
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computed tomography/computed axial tomography (CAT)
a specialized x-ray procedure producing a series of crosssectional images that are processed by a computer into a two-dimensional or three-dimensional image
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sonography
ultrasound imaging; a nonionizing technique that is useful in orthopedics to visualize muscles, ligaments, displacements, and dislocations or to guide the therapeutic intervention, such as that perfomed during arthroscopy
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amputation
partial or complete removal of a limb(AKA-above knee amputation, BKA-below knee amputation)
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arthrocentesis
puncture of aspriation of a joint
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arthodesis
binding or fusing of joint surfaces
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arthroplasty
repair or reconstruciton of a joint
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arhtroscopy
procedure using an arthroscope to examine, diagnose, and repair a joint from within
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bone grafting
transplantation of a piece of bone from one site to another to repair a skeletal defect
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bursectomy
removal of a bursa
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myoplasty
repair of muscle
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open reduciton, internal fixation of a fracture
internal surgical repair of a fracture by bringing bones back into alignment and fixing them in place with devices such as plates, screws, and pins
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osteoplasty
reapair of a bone
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osteotomy
incision into bone
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spondylosyndesis
spinal fusion
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tenotomy
division of a tendon by incision to repair a deformity caused by shortening of a muscle
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prosthesis
an artificial replacement for a missing body part or a device used to improve a body function, such as an artificial limb, hip or joint
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analgesic
a drug that relieves pain
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narcotic
a potent analgesic with addictive properties
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antiinflammatory
a drug that reduces inflammation
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antipyretic
a drug that relieves fever
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nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug
a group of drugs with analgesic, antiinflammatory, and antipyretic properties commonly used to treat arthritis
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AKA
above knee amputation
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BKA
below knee amputation
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CAT
computed axial tomography
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DJD
degenerative joint disease
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MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
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NSAID
nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug
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ORIF
open reduction, internal fixation
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