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What is the composition of blood?
- Blood plasma 55%
- formed elements 45%
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What is the composition of plasma?
- Proteins 7%
- Water 91%
- Other solutes 1.5%
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What are the proteins in plasma and functions?
- Albumins 54%- Maintains osmatic pressure
- Globulins 38%- Transports lipids, carbohydrates and fat-soluble vitamins
- Fibrinogen 7%- blood clotting
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Where are plasma proteins synthesized?
In the liver
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What is a colloid?
A liquid containing suspended substances that don't settle out of solution
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What are the other names of a rbc and some info?
- Erythrocytes
- biconcave
- no nucleus transport O2 and CO2
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What are the other names of a wbc's and some info?
- Leukocytes
- two types- granulocytes and agranulocytes
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What are granulocytes?
- Large nuclei
- Have granules
- multi-lobed nuclei
- e.g. neutrophils. eosinophils and basophils
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What are agranulocytes?
- Small nucleus
- Not lobed nuclei
- e.g. Lymphocytes and monocytes
- don't have granules
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What do you call a deficiency of neutrophils?
- neutropenia
- can be congenital (from birth)
- Can create Mouth ulcers and oral thrush
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What are platelets?
- Thrombocytes
- Cell fragments from platelets plug, release chemicals necessary for blood clotting
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What is haematopoiesis or hemopoiesis?
The process of blood production/ platelets in the blood marrow
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What are stem cells
- all formed derived from a single population
- undifferentiated cells no function
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What do rbc's develop from?
Pro-erythroblasts ---> normoblast------> reticulocytes------> erythrocytes
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What do wbc's granulocytes develop from?
Myeloblasts
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What do lymphocytes develop from?
lymphoblast
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What do monocytes develop from?
Monoblast's
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What do platelets develop from?
Megakaryoblast's
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What does blast mean
Immature blood cell
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What stimulates rbc's production?
Erythropoietin hormone
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How much oxygen is actually attached to the haemoglobin and how much is dissolved in the plasma?
- 98.5% on haemoglobin
- 1,5% in plasma
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How much carbon dioxide is actually attached to the haemoglobin and how much is dissolved in the plasma?
from tissues to lungs
- 7% dissolved in plasma
- 23% in combination with haemoglobin
- 70% transported as bicarbonate ions produced as a result of combination of H2O and CO2 because of enzyme carbonic anhydrase found in RBC's
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What are the types of haemoglobin in babies?
- Embryonic and fetal
- greater attraction for oxygen
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What are the types of haemoglobin in adults?
- Oxyhaemoglobin-O2
- Deoxyhaemoglobin
- Carbaminohaemoglobin-transport CO2
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What is the composition of haemoglobin?
- Globular protein
- Contains four heme molecules therefore they can carry 4 O2, one iron molecule each
ferrous iron and protoporphyrin
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What kind of iron is in haemoglobin?
Fe2+
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Where in the rbc is the heme made?
The mitochondria
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Where is Iron absorbed in the body?
In the upper small intestine increased by stomach acid and vitamin C
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How long do RBC's last?
120 days in circulation (enucleated)
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How does erythropoietin make RBC's
by stimulating the blood marrow
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What is the relationship between O2 and Erythropoietin?
Inversely proportional
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What else can make O2?
Polycythemia vera
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What is polycythemia vera?
A type of cancer that causes your bone marrow to make to much rbc's. It can thicken your blood and slow it's flow
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What is the composition of RBC's?
- 1/3 haemoglobin
- 2/3 Lipids, ATP, Carbonic Anhydrase
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How is haemoglobin Broken down?
By macrophages into heme and globin chains
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What is bilirubin?
A yellowish substance in blood that forms when rbc's breakdown
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What is agglutination?
The clumping of particles
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What are agglutinins?
Anti-bodies or other substances that cause agglutinations
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What are the blood groups?
ABO and Rh
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What is hemolysis?
The destruction of RBC's
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What is haemolytic disease of the new-born babies?
Red blood cells break down at a fast rate due to mother and child having different Rh factors
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Erythroblastosis?
making immature red blood cells.
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What is haemostasis?
The process to prevent and stop bleeding
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What is vasoconstriction?
The constriction of blood vessels which increases blood pressure
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What is thromboxane?
- A vasoconstrictor
- Potent hypertensive agent
- Facilitates platelet aggregation (forms clusters)
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What is endothelin?
21- amino acids Vasoconstricting peptides produced primarily in the endothelium having a key role in vascular homeostasis
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What is important for coagulation?
Coagulation factor V and phospholipid (platelet factor III)
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