Landforms Exam 1

• Crustal Orders of Relief
• 1st Order- continents, ocean basins
• 2nd Order- mountain ranges, oceanic trenches, oceanic range
• 3rd Order- local values, streams, rivers, peaks (1 thing in a range, small features)

From Greek word hypsos meaning "height"

It shows the distribution of Earth's surfaces by area and elevation in relation to sea level.

Granitic core

Heartland region o the continental crust

Have generally been eroded to a low elevation and relief

old, low elevation heartland regions of continental crust; various cratons and ancient mountains exposed at surface

A migrating piece of Earth's crust, dragged about by processes of mantle convection and plate tectonics.

Displaced terranes are distinct in their history, composition, and structure from the continents that accept them

See pg 367 Example 12.7

See pg 367 Example 12.7

how rocks respond to stress

stretching

shortening

twisting or tearing

• bending
• (ex. hot plastic)

• breaking
• (ex. silly putty)

Usually takes a lot of strain to create brittle

The bending and deformation of beds of rock strata subjected to compressional forces

small, individual, fold-like structure

fold pulls up in the center- opposite of a basin

small, individual, fold-like structure

• sinks in the center
• -opposite of a dome

up-folded rock strata, in which layers slope downward from the axis of the fold, or central ridge

A trough in folded strata, with beds that slope toward the axis of the downfold

• Geo -Earth
• Graphein - To write

A method of study- holistic (whole thing)-eclectic (details)

The spatial analysis of all the physical elements and process that make up the environment: energy, air, water, weather, climate, landforms, soil, animals, plants, microorganisms, and Earth itself

• Location
• Region
• Human-Earth Relationships
• Movement
• Place

• 1. observation
• 2. inductive reasoning
• 3. hypothesis
• 4. predictions/ experiment
• 5. general theory/ governing laws/ theory formulations
• pg 8

Geographers use Earth Systems Science

Where something is on Earth and what it is.

Most essential part of geography

• -natural systems
• -geographic areas
• -society
• -cultural activities
• and the interdependence of all of these over space

the spatial analysis of all the physical elements and processes that make up the environment

Landforms are distinct physical features on the Earth's surface; e.g. hills, rivers, glaciers

-emphasis in this class in on the origin, properties of, and spatial distribution of landforms on Earth

- it is a subdiscipline of physical geography and geology

• energy and matter going in one place and going out another
• ex. car (input/ output)

theoretical, self contained systems - can run forever by themselves

rock/stone

• Atmosphere
• Hydrosphere
• Lithosphere
• Biosphere

due to Earth's spin

<-->

N & S

fatitude

a generalized view of an area, as seen from above and reduced in size

a ratio of map units to ground units

process of transforming spherical Earth to a flap map

• cylindrical
• planar
• conic
• oval

ex. Satellite receives/ sends energy

ex. satellite with digital camera

satellite technology, make observations of through active and passive

• Geographic Information Systems
• GIS Systems combine spatial and attribute data

• Physical features
• Cultural features

Layers can be added to create composite overlay