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Naming complex molecule rules
- 1. identify longest backbone
- 2. Number, starting on the side where the first substituent comes up first
- 3. Name substituents
- 4. Assign numbers to substituents
- 5. Put the names together, alphabetizing the substituents
- ie.
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Special pre-fixes that are alphabetized in the group name
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Rules for naming Cycloalkanes
- pre-fix CYCLO used
- If substituents out of ring, start carbon 1 where there is the GREATEST substitutions so there is
- ie. if iso propyl or a di-methyl, do it so the 2 methyl get the first carbon, (1,1 di-methyl, vs 3,3 di-methyl)
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Alkene prop and eth common names
- propylene or propene
- ethylene or ethene
- (lene or ene for these)
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Alkene rules
- Number backbone so double bond CC receives lowest possible number!
- Multiple double bonds named di, tri, tetra, penta, etc.
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Alkene substituent naming if ethylene or propylene
- If there is ETHylene with substituent: VINYL (ie vinyl chloride)
- If there is a Propylene with substituent at C3: Allyl (ie Allyl bromide)
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Alkyne common name for ethyne
ethyne: ACETYLENE
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Haloalkane naming w substituents
- Substituent of halogen (ie chloride) follows alphabetically same as other substituents (ie methyl would come after chloro in naming)
- ALKYL halide: so if isopropane with iodide, will be ISOPROPYL iodide
- if t-butane with bromide: will be t-BuTYL bromide
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Alcohol rules and substituent naming order
- ending of -ol
- if 2 alcohol groups: use suffix DIOL, with 2 numbers to tell where they are
- alcohol takes priority over ALKANE or ALKENE
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If 2 alcohol groups on adjacent carbons or on same carbon
- adjacent carbons: VICINAL
- on same carbon: GEMINAL, also called carbonyl hydrates
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Alcohol common naming
- can end with 'alcohol'
- ie 2-propanol: ISOPROPYL alcohol
- methanol: methyl alcohol
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Ether pre-fix and naming rules
- alkoxy
- ie 2-methoxycyclopenane
- name two alkyl groups in alphabetical order and add word ether
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Cyclic ether naming
- begins at oxygen and proceeds to provide lowest number for substituents
- 3-membered rings: OXIRANES or epoxides
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Aldehyde suffix and rule
- suffix: -al (ie n-butanAL)
- carbonyl carbon always receives LOWEST number unless substituent w higher priority
- For aldehydes, numbering not always needed since carbonyl will always be CdoubleOH group
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Common names for Aldehydes (1, 2 and 3 carbon)
- FORMaldehyde
- ACETaldehyde
- PROPIONaldehyde
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Common name for ketone w 2 carbon
ACETONE vs 2-propanone or dimethyl ketone
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Ketone suffix and rules
- suffix: -one
- carbonyl is the lowest possible number UNLESS there is higher priority substituent
- In more complex molecules the carbonyl can have the prefix oxo-
- Or can name alkyl groups in alphabetical order and then add the word KETONE
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Carboxylic acid suffix and rules
Suffix: -oic acid
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Common names for carboxylic acids with 1, 2, 3, carbons
- 1: formic acid (vs methanoic acid)
- 2: Acetic acid (vs ethanoic acid)
- 3: propionic acid (vs propanoic acid)
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Amines suffix or prefix
- Suffix: -amine replacing -e
- prefix: amino- for complex molecules
- If N has two substituents, N is the number vs 1, 2
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