Soc. Chapter 3

The Totality of our shared language, knowledge, material objects, and behavior

Consists of the structure of relationshiups within which culture is created and shared through regularized patterns of social interaction.

Common practices and beliefs shared by all societies.

The systematic study of how biology affects human social behavior.

The process of introducing a new idea or object to a culture through discovery or invention.

The process of making known or sharing the existence of an aspect of reality.

The combination of existing cultural items into a form that did not exist before.

The process by which a cultural item spreads from group to group or society to society.

The physical or technological aspects of our daily lives.

Ways of using material objectis, as well as customs, ideas, expressions, beliefs, knowledge, philosophies, governments, and patterns of communication.

"Cultural infromation about how to use the material resources of the environment to satisfy human needs and desires".

A period of adjustment when the nonmaterial culture is still struggling to adapt to new material conditions.

A system of shared symbols; it includes speech, written characters, numerals, symbols, and nonverbal gestures and expressions.

The idea that the language a person uses shapes his or her perception of reality an therefore his or her thoughts and actions.

The use of gestures, facial expressions, and other visual images to communicate.

A collective conception of what is considered good, desirable, and proper-or bad, undesirable, and improper-in a culture.

An established standard of behavior mainained by a society.

A norm that generally has been written down and that specifies strict punishments of violators.

Formal norms enforced by the state.

A norm thtat is generally understood but not precisely recorded.

Norms deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society.

Norms governing behavior, whose violation raise comparatively little concern.

A penalty or reward for conduct concerning a social norm.

A set of sultural beliefs and practices that legitimates existing powerful social, economic, and politcal interests.

A segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of mores, folkways, and values that differs from the pattern of the larger society.

Specialized language used by members of a group or subculture.

A subculture that deliberately opposes certain aspects of the larger culture.

The feelings of disorientation, uncertainty, and even fear that people experience when they encounter unfamiliar cultural practices.

The tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others.

The viewing of people's behavior from the perspective of their own culture.