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Epidemiology of the flu
- 2 million get it
- 40-70k die
- 6th most leading cause of death
- #1 lethal noscomial
- Covid- 19 exasterbated this
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which is within the bronchioles
The aveoli that hold capilaries that allow for blood to pass though lungs and exchanges gases
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Pneumonia person to [person or autologous) most common types
- Strept
- Mycoplasma
- Hemophilus
- Strep Pygones
- Stap Aureus
- KLebsiella Pn.
- Ch;lamydophila pn.
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mneumonic for most common types of autologous pneumonia
SMH Karen called Staff secuirty
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Pneumonia from animal/environmental exposure
- Legionella pneumophila
- Francisella tularensis
- Yersinia pestis
- Chlamydophila psittaci
- Coxiella Burnetii
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Nosocomial ( hospital) Pnaumonia
- Enteric bacteria
- Pseudomonas
- Acinetobacter
- Staph. aureus
- all negative except the last
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Natural defense mechanisms of lungs
- natural antimicrobial : lysozyme, lactoferin, secretory igA & complement
- pulmonary macropahages
- cilliated respiratory epithelium
- Epiglottal and cough reflexes
- Vibrissae filter out large partoicles
- Mucus broducing cell ling in the brinchi
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predisposing factor for pneumonia
- previous viral respiratory diseas
- alllergies
- chrinic pulmonary disease like emphysema
- alcholisn and cigarette smoking
- diabetes, cancer and othe illnesses
- immunosuppreeive disorders and therapy
- age extremes
- debility ( developmental and congentital disorder that have invasive surgerical procedures, etc.
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what are the natural microbial of the mouth and oropharyn x
- Strep
- pneumoniae
- and pygonese
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in regards to the flora what is the lung
sterile from microbes
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otitis media
inflamed middle ear
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otitis externa
inflammed outer ear
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what is pneumonia?
- bronchioles and alveoli become filled with pus
- pus had dead microbes PMN inflammatory cells and some fluid exudate
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how is pneumonia diagnosed?
chest X-ray that show a shadow or opaque over a portion of the lung
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what causes pneumonia
mostly various bacteria
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what bacteria affect young adult in regards to pneumonia symptoms
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what bacteria affect adults in regards to pneumonia symptoms
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what bacteria affect older adult in regards to pneumonia symptoms
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what bacteria causes the "typical pneumonia"?
- Strept. pneu
- Haemophilus influ
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what is "atypical pneumonia'"?
- Mycoplasma
- chlamydophila pneu.
- certain enteric
- and some viruses
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epidemiology of pneumonia
- 2 million cases
- most common lethal hospital acquired
- 6th common disease causing death
- 40-70k die yearly
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Streptococcus pneumoniae
- gram -
- chain of cocci
- lancet-shaped
- catalase negative
- oval shaped<- this is how you distinguish them fron staph because staph is complete round.
- it has a capsule
- 84 serotypes
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what are the virulence factor of strep. p.
it has Igprotease, capsule, and pneumolysin
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what does igA protease do
break down the igA that the immune system of the host produces to get rid of the bacteria
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what are the two vaccines for pneumoniae
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what is alpha hemolysis
- a break down of hemoglobin that is incomplete.
- this causes a gradient on blood
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what is beta hemolysis
complete hemoglobin breakdown
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what is gamma hemolysis
no hemoglobin analysis
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what causes pneumococcal pneumonia? and who does it affect?
- S.pneumo
- young to middle age adults
- but can happen to the age extremes with lethal effects
- oncology and Etoh pt
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how to diagnosis pneumococcal pneumonia
- gram stain & culture sputum
- aga plat
- optochin disk
- urine antigen test
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why is the optochin disk effective on the agar plate?
the strep. pneu. batera cannot grow around this disk
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what is the pathogenisis of pneumococoal pneumonaie ?
- it is inhaled
- the bacteria colonize into the lungs
- inflammatroy response begin and the aveolia fill with edma fluid
- aveolar capillary congestion occurs
- massive infiltration of PMN
- aveolar hemorrage ( red hepatozation)
- macropahe and phagocytize the debris 9 grey hepatization
- bacteremia may follow
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Haeomophilus influenzae
- H.flu
- gram - coccobacilus ( short rod)
- chocolate agar is used to culture
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chcoclate agar
- is heated blood agar. that is why it is brown or choclate/
- they heat the red blood cells, heating them up, and changes the hemoglobin to a more active component for the H.flu
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what are the virulence factors of H.flu
- IgA protease
- pluribitol phosphate
- outer capsule
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what are some of the infections cause by H.flu
- meningitis
- Pneumonia
- Epiglotittis
- Otitis media
- Sinusitis
- Bacteriemia
- cellulitis and arthritis
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mycoplasma pneumoniae
- also called walking pneumonia
- ling incubation period
- small, free lingin
- difficult to grow in agar
- cannot be gram stained
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what are some examples of mycoplasma injections
- pneumoniae pharyngitis
- tracheobronchitis
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cold hemaggultinin
causes clumping of read blood cells
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Bordetella pertussis
- gram - coccobacillus
- whooping cough
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Special features of Pertussis Bortella
- only stained on Bordet Gengou
- 3 stages
- catarrhal, paroxysmal and convalescent
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what are the 3 stages of pertussis
- catarral
- paroxysmal
- convalescent
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Klebsiella pneumoniae
- non motile
- enteric bacteris
- lactose fermenter
- gram -
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virulence factor of klebsiells pneu.
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- gram-
- lactose negative
- oxidase +
- grows rapidly on agar and produces a bluegreen pigment pyocyanin
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which pt. suffer the most with pseudomonas areginosa?
cystic fibrosis pts.
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what makes the capsule virulent?
antiphagosis
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what makes the Iga virulent?
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pneumoccocal pneumonia producing what kind of sputum?
rust
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when you mix coagulase with staph what happens?
there will be clumping of the blood
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