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what are the 4 tissue types
- muscular
- epithelium
- neural
- connective
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where does the epithelia come from in regard to embryology ?
ectoderm and endoderm
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where does the Connective tissue come from in regard to embryology ?
mesoderm
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where does the nerural tissue come from in regard to embryology ?
ectoderm
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where does the muscle tissue come from in regard to embryology ?
mesoderm
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what is the most abundant tissue in the body?
connective tissue
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what does connective tissues contain
- ground substances
- protein fiber
- ECM
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Function of the CT
- bind and support
- protect
- transport
- repair
- production of RBD
- insulation
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what are the types of CT
- Embryonic
- Proper
- specialized
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connective tissue cells
Resident (do not move)
Transient ( move around body)
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what are the type of resident CT cells
- fibroblasts
- Macrophages
- adipocytes
- mast
- adult stem
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what are the type of transient CT cells
- Lympocytes(e.g. pasmam cells)
- PMN cells ( basophils..etc)
- monocytes
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what is the principle Ct cell
fibroblasts
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function of fibroblasts?
synthesize collagen, all fibers, and ground substance
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function of myofibroblast
- contractile
- wound healing
- creates dense irregular scar tissue
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Function if macrophages?
- There at 2 types: M1 & M2
- M1: chronic inflammation
- M2: resolution of inflammation and repair
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Mast cells function
- create:
- histamine
- heparin
- serine protease
- cytokines
- leukotrien precursor
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what is PMN
polymorphonuclear leukocytes
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Adipocytes
- fat calls
- store fats and hormones
- energy and cushion
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adult stem cells
- differentiate into one type of cell
- for ex, bone marrow, basal cells, mesenchymal, wound healing cells, etc.
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Lympocytes
- composed of T-cells, B-cells, and NK (natural killer) cells
- express CD molecules
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what is ECM composed of ?
fiber + ground substances
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what is the function of ECM
- mechanical and structural support
- biochemical barrier
- anchor cells
- influence migration
- retain growth factors
- influence cell growth
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what is ground substance composed of?
- viscous H2O
- proteoglycans
- muti-adhesive glycoproteins
- glycoaminoglycans
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what are the two types of CT proper?
dense and loose (areolar)
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Properties of loose CT
- made of thin sparse fibers
- very permeable to gases and nutrients
- contains a lot of ground substance
- site of inflammation and immune reaction / swelling upon invasion by microbes
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location of loose CT
- forms alot of the dermis
- btw muscle and nerve fibers
- underneath epithelial lining of many organs
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properties of Dense Ct proper
- poor vasculature
- strong an resistant to tearing
- few fibroblast and ground substance
- alot of collagen fibers
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what are the types of dense Ct proper?
- Regular because the collagen fiber are parrallel
- Irregular because the collagen fibers that make it up fo in different directions
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where can you find dense irregular CT proper?
dermis and submucosao the instestine
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where can you find dense regular CT proper?
tendons, ligament, and aponeurosis
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what are the three main types of connective tissue (CT) fibers?
- collagen
- elastin
- recticular
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Properties of collagen
- extremely strong and resistant to tearing
- 28 different types
- most abundant fiber
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Recticular fibers
- Type II collagen
- produces by recticular cells, fibroblast, and schwann ells
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properties of elastin
- thinner than collagen
- very stretchy
- cannot stain very well
- can be damaged by sun and smoking
- produced by fibroblasts and vascular smooth muscle cells
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how could you differntiate elastin and collagen
rescorcin-fuchsin staining
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where do femoral hernias present themselves?
- on the anterior surface of the thigh
- the femoral ring is inferior to the inguinal canal
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direct hernia do not typically enter which ring?
The deep inguinal ring
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what are the risk factors of an inguinal hernia
- being male because they have a larger diameter of their inguinak canal due to their spermatic cord
- people that are fat because they have more weight/pressure on their inguinal cannal
- patent tunica vaginalis because this indicated that the the ab cavity already extends to the deep inguinal ring.
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where is loose ct found and what is its other name?
- areolar
- beneatht he epithelial linging of many organs
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where is dense irregular CT proper found?
submucosa of intestineand dermis
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where is dense regular CT proper found?
- tendons, ligament ans aponeurosis
- things that join with the muscle and the bone
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