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WHAT IS AIR EMBOLISM?
AIR BUBBLES ARE CARRIED BY THE BLOOD STREAM INTO A VESSEL SMALL ENOUGH TO BE BLOCKED BY THE BUBBLES.
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AIR EMBOLISM CAUSES:
- DEFECTIVE AIR DETECTOR, AN EMPTY SALINE BAG, CARELESS IV ADMINISTRATION,LOOSE BLOODLINE CONNECTIONS OR A LEAK BEFORE THE BLOOD PUMP.
- SEPARATION OF AN ARTERIAL BLOODLINE, VERY COLD DIALYSATE, AN UNCAPPED AND UNCLAMPED CATHETER.
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SIGNS AIR EMBOLISM :
- AIR ON FOAM IN THE VENOUS LINE
- NO CAPS OR CLAMPS ON CATHETER
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SYMPTOMS AIR EMBOLISM PATIENT SITING UP AIR MAY TRAVEL TO THE BRAIN:
- CHANGES IN VISION
- CONFUSION
- SLIGHT PARALYSIS OF ONE SIDE OF THE BODY
- SEIZURE, STROKE, COMA, OR DEATH.
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PREVENTION AIR EMBOLISM:
SECURE ALL BLOOD CIRCUIT CONCOCTIONS,ARM THE AIR DETECTOR A ALL TIME,LOOK THE VENOUS BLOODLINE FROM AIR DETECTOR ,VERIFY CATHETERS ARE CLAMPED AND REMOVED,REMOVE EMPTY IV BAGS, DOUBLE CLAMP THE SALINE LINE, CHECK THE VENOUS BLOOD LINE, BLOOD PUMP SPEED TO A RATE ACCESS CAN DELIVER.
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WHAT IS ANAPHYLAXIS?
SEVERE ALLERGIC REACTION
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ANAPHYLAXIS CAUSES:
- SENSITIVITY TO ETHYLENE OXIDE (ETO)
- TAKING AN ACE
- REACTION TO GERMICIDE
- MEDICATION
- REACTION TO A DIALYZER MEMBRANE.
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ANAPHYLAXIS SIGNS:
- REACTION IN THE 5-30 MINUTES OF HD
- REACTION 5-10 MINUTES AFTER MEDICINE
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ANAPHYLAXIS SYMPTOMS:
TROUBLE BREATHING, CHEST TIGHTNESS, TACHYCARDIA, CARDIAC ARREST, HYPOTENSION,FEELING ANXIOUS, OR RESTLESS, FLUSSING, HIVES AND ITCHING, TEARING UP, SWELLING,AROUND THE EYES, RUNNY NOSE, ABDOMINAL CRAMPING, NUMBNESS AND TINGLING AROUND THE MOUTH, LOW BACK PAIN, BURNING AND PAIN AT THE VENOUS.
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ANAPHYLAXIS PREVENTION:
- AVOID DRUGS THE PATIENT HAS ALLERGY
- RINSE FIRST USE DIALYZER
- RINSE DIALYZER AND BLOODLINES DURING THE TREATMENT
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WHAT IS ANGINA?
CHEST PAIN DUE TO LOW OXYGEN LEVELS IN THE HEART
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ANGINA CAUSES:
- CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
- HYPOTENSION
- ANXIETY
- ANEMIA
- CARDIAC STUNNING
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ANGINA SYMPTOMS:
- PAIN OR TIGHTNESS IN CHEST, ARM PR JAW
- SWEATING, COLD, TROUBLE TO BREATHING
- HOPYTENSIVE
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ANGINA PREVENTION:
- BLOOD LOSE
- AVOID HYPOTENSION
- TREAT ANEMIA
- SET UF GOAL OF 13ML/KG/HR
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WHAT IS ARRHTHMIA?
IRREGULAR HEARTBEAT
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ARRHTHMIA CAUSES:
- UNDERLYING HEART DISEASE
- CHANGES IN PH
- HYPOTENSION
- HEART DISEASE
- CARDIAC STUNNING FROM AGGRESSIVE UF
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ARRHTHMIA SYMPTOMS:
- IRREGULAR PULSE
- SLOW OR RAPID HEART PULSE
- PALPITATIONS
- ANXIETY
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ARRHTHMIA PRESENTION:
- VERIFY DIALYSATE POTASSIUM
- MONITOR RATE AND RHYTHM
- MONITOR BLOOD PRESSURE
- MONITOR THE UFR TO PREVENT HYPOTENSION.
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BLEACH-CHLORINE OR GERMICIDE IN THE DIALYSIS WATER OR DIALYSATE CAUSES PATIENT HARM.
CAUSES:
EXTREMELY HYPERTONIC SOLUTION
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BLEACH - CHLORINE SIGN AND SYMPTOMS:
- RISE OR FALL PULSE
- CARDIAC ARREST
- CHEST PAIN
- CYANOSIS
- HEMOLYSIS
- DROP BP
- TROUBLE BRETHDING AND VOMITING
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WHAT IS CARDIAC ARREST?
THE HEART STOP BEATING
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CARDIAC ARREST CAUSES SIGNS:
- HYPOTENSIA, HIGH POTASSIUM, ARRHYTHMIAS, HEART ATTACK, AIR EMBOLISM,HEMOLYSIS, EXSANGUINATION .
- NO CAROTID PULSE
- NO BREATHING
- LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS
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CARDIAC ARREST PREVENTION:
- PREVENT CARDIAC ARREST AND RAPID POTASSIUM SHIFTS
- CHECK VITAL SIGNS DURING THE TREATMENT MAJOR CHANGES TELL THE NURSE
- UF GOAL NOT TO HIGH
- CHECK THE VASCULAR ACCESS AND BLOODLINES CONNECTIONS
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WHAT IS CARDIAC STUNNING:
DROOP IN BLOOD FLOW TO THE HEART MUSCLE.
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CARDIAC STUNNING CAUSES AND SIGNS:
- AGGRESSIVE UFR, HYPOTENSION, HYPOVOLEMIA.
- SYMPTOMATIC BP DROOP
- MUSCLE CRAMPS
- CHEST PAIN
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CARDIAC PREVENTION:
LOWER DIALYSATE TEMPERATURE, AVOID UFR ABOVE 13ML/KG/HR, USE BLOOD VOLUME,MONITOR PATIENT, TEACH PATIENT WATER GAINS, MORE HD FOR HYPOVOLEMIA, UFR TIME REDUCE, REASSESS TARGET WEIGHT.
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DEATH : PATIENT PASSES A WAY AT THE DIALYSIS CLINIC
CAUSES, SIGN, PREVENTION:
- CARDIAC ARREST,ANAPHYLATICK SHOCK,BLOOD LESS,STROKE
- UNRESPONSIVE NOT BREATHING NO PULSE .
- NOT BE PREVENTABLE
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WHAT IS DIALYSIS DISEQUILIBRIUM SYNDROME (DDS)?
s defined as a clinical syndrome of neurologic deterioration that is seen in patients who undergo hemodialysis. It is more likely to occur in patients during or immediately after their first treatment, but can occur in any patient who receives hemodialysis
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DDS CAUSES SIGNS AND PREVENTION:
- NEW PATIENT WITH VERY HIGH BUN LEVELS.
- HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE , CHANCE IN THE LEVEL OF CONSCIOUSNESS, IRREGULAR PULSE ,COMA O DEATH.
- MONITOR PATIENT DURING THE TREATMENT,TELL THE NURSE ABOUT VITAL SIGNS CHANGES , IF BUN IS 150MG/DL USE SMALLER DIALYZER, SLOWER BLOOD AN DIALYSATE FLOW,SHORT AND SLOW TREATMENTS DAILY.
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EXSANGUINATION LOSS OF BLOOD
CAUSES SIGNS SYMPTOMS:
- FAIULE TO CONNECT THE VENOUS AND SEPARATION OF THE BLOODLINE, NEEDLE DISGORGEMENT, FISTULA OR GRAFT AND DIALYZER RUPTURE.
- A LOT OF BLOOD, PINK OR RED DIALYZATE IN THE DIALYZER ,
- LOW PRE-PUM ARTERIAL PRESSURE.
- BP DROPS, RAPID HEART OF BREATH, SHOCK, SEIZURES,CARDIAC ARREST.
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EXSANGUINATION PREVENTION:
CHECK DIALYSIS ACCESS AND LINES CONNECTED,TAPE THE NEEDLES, SECURE LOOPED BLOODLINES,TEST ALL MONITORS AND BLOOD LEAKS DETECTORS, LOOK AROUND FOR BLOOD.
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FEVER AND / OR CHILLS:HIGH TEMPERATURE,PATIENT SHIVERING CAUSES, SIGNS, SYMPTOMS:
- INFECTION, TOO HOT OR TO COLD DIALYSATE,DIALYZER CONTAMINATED, REACTION TO DIALYZATE WATER,BREAK IN STERILE TECHNIQUE.
- LOCAL INFECTION REDNESS, SWELLING, WARMTH,O DRAINAGE FROM THE ACCESS. PYROGENIC REACTION:FEVER OR CHILLS.
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FEVER AND OR CHILLS PREVENTION:
WASH YOU HANDS,VITAL SIGNS, ASEPTIC TECHNIQUES, CHECK FOR INFECTION, CHECK DIALYSATE TEMPERATURE, DISINFECT DIALYSIS MACHINE, RECIRCULATION
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FIRST USE SYNDROME, SENSIBILITY TO DIALIZER MEMBRANE
CAUSES, SIGN SYMTOMS,AND PREVENTION:
- REACTION TO ETHYLENE OXIDE,ALLERGY TO THE DIALYZER MEMBRANE.
- REACTION IN THE FIRST 5-10 MINUTES.
- ITCHING, CHEST AND BACK PAIN,SHORTNESS AT BREATH,HYPOTENSION,NAUSEA,DISCONFOT.
- RINSE NEW DIALYZER , DO NOT REMOVE THE MEMBRANE PROTEIN COATING.
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HEADACHE
CAUSES,SIGNS,SYMPTOMS,PREVENTION:
- HEPERTENSION,FLUID SHIFT,DDS,TENSION,DROP BLOOD SUGAR,CAFFEINE OR ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL.
- COMPLAIN O PATIENT HOLD THE HEAD,SENSITIVITY THE LIGHT OR SOUNDS.
- CORRECT TARGET WEIGHT,SET THE UFG CORRECTLY, ENCOURAGE THE PATIENT TO FOLLOW THE LIMITS OF LIQUIDS AND SODIUM,FOR DDS USE SLOWER AND/OR MORE FREQUENT, CHECK BLOOD SUGAR.
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HEPARIN OVERDOSE :
CAUSES,SIGNS,SYMPTOMS,AND PREVENTION:
- ERROR IN THE FIRST HEPARIN DOSE,AND INFUSION PUMP SETTINGS,TOO MUCH HEPARIN.
- WRONG AMOUNT OF HEPARIN ,BLEEDING AROUND THE NEEDLES, NEEDLE BLEEDING AFTER HD FOR 20+ MINUTES.
- HEMORRHAGE,LOW BP,BRUISING, NOSEBLEEDS, TARRY STOOLS,PETECHIAE (PURPLE SPOTS WHERE BLOOD IS LIKED).
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HYPERTENSION
CAUSES,SIGNS,SYMPTOMS,PREVENTION:
- FLUID OVERLOAD, NOT TAKING MEDICINE BP,ANXIETY,DDS.
- HEADACHE,NAUSEA AND VOMITING,NERVOUSNESS, MAY HAVE NO SYMPTOMS.
- TAKE A PRESCRIPTION, REDUCE FLUID AND SODIUM,ACCURATE TARGET WEIGHT, CORRECT UFG,FOR DDS SLOWER AND/OR MORE DIALYSIS,
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HYPOTENSION
CAUSES,SIGNS,SYMPTOMS,PREVENTION:
- A TOO HIGH UFG AND UFR TAKING BO MEDICATION BEFORE DIALYSIS, CHANGE FROM SETTING TO STANDING,HEART DISEASE,DEHYDRATION.
- DROOP BLOOD PRESSURE, SWEATING OR COLD,PALLOR , YAWNING,FEELING ANXIOUS.
- ACCURATE WEIGHT,CALCULATE THE FLUID CORRECTLY,DO NOT EXCEED UFR GOAL,ASK TO THE PATIENT IF ARE TAKING BP MEDICINE, ENCOURAGE PATIENTS TO FOLLOW FLUIDS LIMITS,CHECK BP BEFORE AND THEY STAND UP.
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HYPOXEMIA (NOT ENOUGH OXYGEN IN THE BLOOD)
CAUSES,SIGNS,SYMPTOMS,PREVENTION:
- CHF,COPD,WRONG DIALYSATE COMPOSITION,FIRST USE SYNDROME,NON-BIOCOMPATIBLE DIALYZER MEMBRANE,EATING DURING HD,WARM DIALYSATE.
- CYANOSIS,LOW BP,RINSE IN PULSE RATE,PANTING,OXYGEN SATURATION LESS THAN 90%.
- BLURRED VISION,CHEST PAIN,CONFUSION,CRAMPING,NAUSEA AND VOMITING,DIZZINESS,RESTLESSNESS, SHORTNESS OF BREATH.
- GIVE OXYGEN, WATCH FOR RESPIRATION,SYSTOLIC BP,PULSE RATE,OXYGEN SATURATION,MATCH BICARBONATE DIALYSATE TO THE PATIENT,USE BIOCOMPATIBLE DIALYZER MEMBRANE,IDEAL DRY WEIGHT,USE COOLER DIALYSATE, NOT EATING BEFORE OR DURING TREATMENT.
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MUSCLE CLAMS
CAUSES, SIGNS,SYMPTOMS,PREVENTION:
- HYPOTENSION,A TOO HIGH UFG,AGGRESSIVE UF,CHANGES IN BLOOD CHEMISTRIES,SODIUM-POTASSIUM.
- CALLS OR CRIES,PAINFUL MUSCLE.
- PAINFUL MUSCLE CRAMPS HANDS,FEET, OR ABDOMEN.
- ACCURATE WEIGHT BEFORE TREATMENT, CALCULATE WEIGHT LOSS AND SET UFG,VERIFY MACHINE SETTINGS, DO NOT EXCEED THE UFR ,USE PRESCRIBE DIALYSATE,PATIENT NEEDS TO FOLLOW SALT AND FLUID LIMITS.
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NAUSEA AND VOMITING
CAUSES,SYMPTOMS,PREVENTION;
- HYPOTENSION,FOOD POISONING,DDS,PYROGENIC REACTION,ALLERGY TO DIALYZER MEMBRANE, MEDICATION REACTION,OTHER GI PROBLEM.
- NAUSEA VOMITING, LOW OR HIGH BP,DIARRHEA AND HEADACHE.
- ACCURATE WEIGHT BEFORE TREATMENT,CALCULATE GOAL FLUID CORRECTLY, DO NOT EXCEED UFR,MEDICINE, SUGGEST TO THE PATIENT NO EAT AT DIALYSIS.
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PRURITUS (ITCHING)
CAUSES,SIGNS,SYMPTOMS,PREVENTION:
- UREMIA,DRY SKIN,HIGH SERUM PHOSPHORUS, SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM, ALLERGY TO MEDICINE,NEEDLE,TAPE,DIALYZER,GLOVES,BLEACH.
- REDDENED SKIN,SEEING PATIENT SCRATCHING,CRUSTING ON THE SKIN,INCREASED SERUM PHOSPHORUS LEVEL,CALCIPHYLAXIS.
- SEVERE ITCHING ALL THE TIME, OR ONLY ON DIALYSIS.
- KEEP THE SKIN CLEAN AND DRY,DIALYZE THE PATIENT AS PRESCRIBED, RINSE THE DIALYZER WITN EXTRA SALINE,CHANGE THE NEEDLES OR TAPE FOR ITCHING ACCESS, REFER TO THE NURSE FOR A MEDICINE REVIEW.
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SEIZURE
CAUSES,SIGNS,SYMPTOMS,PREVENTION:
- SEVERE HYPOTENSION, ELECTROLYTE UNBALANCE,SEIZURE DISORDER, DIALYSATE COMPOSITION ERROR, DDS.LOW BLOOD SUGAR,AIR EMBOLISM.
- CHANGE IN LEVEL OS CONSCIOUSNESSES, TWITCHING, JERKING OF THE ARMS AND LEGS.
- CHANGE IN VISION, PANIC,TWITCHING
- AVOIS RAPID DROPS IN BUN DURING HD, MONITOR BP CHANGES,GIVE OXYGEN , ADJUST UFR,THE PATIENT NEEDS TO TAKE ANTICOAGULANT MEDICINE.
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WHAT IS THE CAUSES WHEN AIR ON FOAM IN THE BLOODLINES OR COLLAPSE OF THE ARTERIAL BLOODLINE. AND WHAT TO DO.
- EMPTY SALINE BAG, UNDER FILLED DRIP CHAMBERS,A DISCONNECTED EXTRACORPOREAL CIRCUIT, A NEEDLE THAT COMES OUT OF THE VASCULAR ACCESS WHILE THE BLOOD POMP IS RUNNING.
- CHECK THE AIR DETECTOR CLAMP IS ON,SECURE ON THE VENOUS BLOODLINE BELOW THE DRIP CHAMBER,VERIFY THAT THE BLOOD PUMP HAS STOPPED,ASEPTICALLY DISCONNECT THE PATIENT FROM THE EXTRACORPOREAL CIRCUIT.
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IF YOU SEE BRIGHT RED BLOOD IN LINES WHAT IS THE CAUSES AND WHAT TO DO.
- HEMOLYSIS, PRE-PUMP NEGATIVE PRESSURE TO HIGH (-250MMHG),TOO MUCH BLOOD PUMP OCCLUSION,DIALYSATE CONTAINS ZINC,COOPER,NITRATES OR CHLORINE,
- TOO WARM DIALYSATE, GERMICIDE LEFT IN REPROCESSED DIALYZER.
- STOP THE TREATMENT, DO NOT RETURN THE PATIENT BLOOD,
- DO NOT USE THE MACHINE FOR ANOTHER PATIENT.
- CHECK ALL THE PATIENTS IN CASE HEMOLYSIS IS THE CAUSE,KEEP AND BAG ALL THE SUPPLIES FROM THE AFFECTED PATIENTS TREATMENT, LABEL DO NOT DESTROY,
- ENLIST EXPERTS TO HELP TO FIND THE CAUSE.
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DARK BLOOD ON THE LINES CLOTS SEEN IN EXTRACORPOREAL CIRCUIT DURING RINSEBACK.
WHAT IS THE CAUSE AND WHAT TO DO?
- CLOTTING,NOT ENOUGH ANTICOAGULANT, LOW BLOOD FLOW RATE,LOW ARTERIAL DRIP CHAMBER LEVEL, ALARMS STOPPED THE BLOOD PUMP,AIR IN THE CIRCUIT.
- GIVE HEPARIN AS PRESCRIBED,RESPOND TO THE ALARMS, CHECK THE PATIENT ACCESS AND REPORT ANY UNUSUAL FINDINGS,ENSURE THAT ALL AIR IS REMOVED FROM THE EXTRACORPOREAL CIRCUIT DURING PRIMING.
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CAUSES AND WHAT TO DO WHEN THE MACHINE SHUT DOWN AND ALARMS?
- MACHINE IS UNPLUGGED,MACHINE FAILURE,POWER OUTAGE.
- KNOW HOW TO FREE THE VENOUS LINE FROM THE AIR BUBBLE DETECTOR AND HAND CRANK TO RETURN THE PATIENT'S BLOOD, IF THE WHOLE CLINIC IS AFFECTED FOLLOW YOU CLINIC POLICY AND PROCEDURE.
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THERE IS BLOOD POOLED ON THE FLOOR OR ON THE PATIENT'S CLOTHES, WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE CAUSES AND WHAT THE SOLUTIONS?
- EXSANGUINATION, SEPARATED BLOODLINES, RUPTURED ACCESS, DISLODGED NEEDLE.
- STOP THE BLOOD PUMP AN CLAMP BOTH SIDES OF A SEPARATED LINE, APPLY PRESSURE TO A BLEEDING SITE OR USE A TOURNIQUET.
- DO NOT RETURN THE PATIENT'S BLOOD IF THE LINES HAVE SEPARATED, TIGHTEN ALL EXTRACORPOREAL CONNECTIONS, IF ORDERED GIVE SALINE AND OXYGEN AND CALL 911.
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