HIST 1112 FINAL

The assassination of duke frank Ferdinand in 1914 by G. Princip— apart of the young Bosnian (terrorist society) and black hand (secret Serbian society)

Since he was heir to Austrian throne, Austrians (now supported by Germany) declare war on Serbians (black hand was Serbian secret society). No international conference held to solve issue.

Germany tried to invade France after Ferdinand assassination. Germans retreated. French and British invade Gallipoli after (1915). Trench warfare.

German submarine sinks British Lusitania carrying American passengers. Congress voted to declare war

Women’s suffrage, labor unions, Lenin and Wilson- self-determination.

Airplanes, tanks, gas, submarines, trench warfare

Held to ensure world war wouldn’t happen again. Representatives were Woodrow Wilson- US, Lloyd-George- Britain, Clemenceau- France.

Germany defeated. At Versailles they agreed to a peace treaty— lost colonies and territory, disarmed, and had to pay reparations

Military defeats, shitty economy and infrastructure, lack of bread (resulted in strikes and protests in St. Petersburg where officials would fire on crowds)

Turkey, Austria-Hungary, Russia

• Tsar Nicholas brought down from power,
• Soviet workers and solider deputies promise to defend people- grant civil liberties, promised constitution, and wanted to continue war,
• Were led by socialists- favored land reform, Mensheviks (marxists) wanted democratic revolution, Bolshiveks (marxist-Leninists) wanted seizure of power

• Founded World communist movement (bolshiveks) in March revolutions,
• Used unhappiness of citizens to seize power and bring socialism (tactical flexibility),
• Wanted another revolution to end war, peasants to seize land, and solve food problem, all power to soviets and workers control

Provisional government was eliminated and bolsheviks (later renamed communists) dominated

Between bolsheviks and Central powers, ended Russia’s participation in war, Russia has to give up a lot of land.

Germany, Australia-Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire

• Red vs whites, red (communists won), gained former western Russian territories.
• Russia renamed USSR (union of soviet socialist republic), administrative federalism, comprised of Russia Ukraine Uzbekistan and Georgia

• One party state (communists) - small percent of population,
• led by central committee (Politburo),
• Leaders of Politburo were Stalin 1928-53, Brezhnev, Gorbachev ‘85-‘91...
• Secret police was Cheka (KGB),
• Marx-Leninist ideology supported a true world command economy

• five year state controlled senate economic plan under Stalin...
• Rapid industrialization, collectivization of agriculture - peasants to give up land and join large farms (bc it was “more efficient”), kulaks (successful peasants) arrested —-
• Led to huge famine (5 million deaths) and the great terror- 1 mil shot, several mil to gulags (labor camps)

Non Russians like poles and germans

Mussolini in Italy, extreme nationalism, anti democratic and anti communist, aggressive foreign policy, parliament was called black shirts

Nazi party. Mein kampf- racial view of history, anti Jews, Slavic people inferior... took over as chancellor after Weimar republic and the Great Depression in 1933.

• Hitlers response to the Great Depression, allowed for total dictator-like control for next 4 years.
• Other parties eliminated, anti Jewish measures, Rearmament (violated Versailles treaty) with state spending on military and a draft

Rome-Berlin axis, Japan, Austria, Czechoslovakia

Britain signs treaty, Molotov-Ribbentrop pact says Russia and Germany can’t attack each other, Germany attacks Poland (owned by Russia), Britain and France declare war.

Hitler tries to invade Britain with air campaign, britain successfully stops German, first major allied victory and crucial turning point in war.

One year after Battle of Britain, hitler tries to invade the USSR. Was good for allies because now Germany had to fight a two front war, unwinnable

Spread themselves too thin and were unequipped to survive Russian winters, also went too far and ran out of fuel— weakened German morale

Germans had North African territories and in operation torch led by Dwight d Eisenhower, US and Britain worked together to successfully invade.

American tricked Germans into thinking attack was coming from Calais but instead it was an all out attack on hitlers nazi empire in Normandy, France. The turning point of the war.

Victory in Europe day... Russians cross German border and meet US in Germany, army surrounds Berlin, hitler commits suicide. Germany surrenders

Afraid of communist influence in America, America allows no communists in and aids countries fighting communism. Gorbachev loosens stance against America and they reach detente