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Histology
The study of cells
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4 primary tissue types
Epithelial, muscular, nervous, connective
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General features of epithelial tissue
Polarity, specialized contacts, basement membrane, avascular and innervated, regeneration
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General features of nervous tissue
Generate and conduct nerve impulses
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General features of muscular tissue
Highly vascularized provides movement. Smooth skeletal and cardiac
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General features of connective tissue
Most abundant and widely distributed in the body
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Epithelial simple
All cells are in basal membrane lamina
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Epithelial simple squamous
1 layer flat cells
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Epithelial simple cuboidal
1 layer of squarish cells, can have microvilli
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Epithelial simple columnar
1 layer of tall narrow cells, can have goblet cells and microvilli
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Epithelial simple pseudostratified
Looks multilayered, can have goblet cells, cilla
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Epithelial stratified
Only basal cells on basal membrane/lamina
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Epithelial stratified squamous
Multiple layers of flat scaly cells
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Epithelial stratified cuboidal
2 or more layers of round or square cells
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Epithelial stratified columnar
Rare
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Epithelial stratified transitional
2-3 layers when relaxed, 5-7 layers when contracted
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"Blast"
Actively mitotic cell that secretes the matrix -connective tissue- (ground substance and the fibers) IMMATURE
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"Cyte"
Cell that gets "stuck" in the matrix once it secrets it. -connective tissue- MATURE
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Examples of blasts and cytes
- Fibroblasts/fibrocytes in fibrous connective tissue
- Chrondoblasts/cytes in cartilage (supportive connective)
- Osteoblasts/cytes in osseous tissue (supportive connective)
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Macrophage
Connective tissue cells that actively phagocytize foreign materials (bacteria). Works with immune system
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Plasma cells
Connective tissue cells that make antibodies. Immune function
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Mast cells
Cells in connective tissue that release histamine. Allergy symptoms like runny nose and watery eyes
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Adipocytes
Cells in connective tissue that store lipids in adipose tissue (fat/triglycerides)
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Describe the matrix
It consists of fibers + ground substance. It is the gelatinous/rubbery material that fills the space between cells and contains fibers
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What are the fibers of the matrix
They provide support for the connective tissue matrix. White, yellow, and reticular fibers.
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Describe white fibers
Collagen fibers. Made of protein collagen. Thick fibers that have a glistening white appearance when fresh. Provide tensile strength. Bones and ligaments
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Describe yellow fibers
Elastic fibers. Made of protein elastin. Long thin branching fibers with yellow appearance when fresh. Provide elasticity. Skin (dermis), lungs and blood vessels
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Describe reticular fibers
Consist of protein collagen. Short thin highly branching. Form framework for spleen
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What are the components of connective tissue ground substance
- GAGs (chrondoitin and hyaluronic acid)
- Porteoglycans (bottle-brush shaped molecule embedded in plasma membrane.
- Adhesive glycoproteins
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Types and characteristics of connective fluid
- Types: hemocytoblast, erythrocytes, leukocyte, thrombocytes.
- Characteristics: blood =liquid plasma+formed elements(RBC, WBC, platelets)
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What are example and subtypes of connective fibrous tissues
- Ex: fibroblasts and fibrocytes.
- 1. Loose-viscous matrix, well vascularized. -Areolar (has all types of fibers and cells), -reticular, -adipose (has adipocytes)
- 2. Dense-viscous matrix, less vascularized -regular (parallel collagen fibers), -irregular (random collagen fibers)
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What are subtypes and examples of connective supportive tissue
- 1. Osseous- calcified/hard matrix. (Osteoblasts/cytes/clasts) well vascularized. There is - spongy and -compact.
- 2. Cartilage- rubbery matrix. (Chrondoblasts/cytes). Avascular. There is -hyaline, -elastic, and -fibrocartilage.
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Describe mucous membranes
2 to 3 layers, including lamina propria. LAYERS- epithelium (superficial), lamina propia with areolar connective tissue, and smooth muscle called muscularis mucosa (deepest). FOUND IN- digestive (mouth, anus), respiratory (nose), urinary (urethra), and reproductive (vagina, penis)
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Describe serous membranes.
Consists of simple squamous epithelium (superficial layer) and areolar connective (deepest layer). Produces serous fluid to act as a lubricant between organs and other tissues. Found in pleura (surrounding lungs), pericardium (surrounding heart), and peritoneum (in abdominal cavity)
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Describe cutaneous membranes
Consists of stratified squamous keratinized epithelium (epidermis) and deeper layer of areolar and dense irregular connective tissue (deepest). Resists abrasion and fraction, retains water, is a barrier. FOUND IN skin covering body
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Describe synovial membranes
Consists of dense irregular connective tissue (fibrous capsule) and areolar tissue. Secretes synovial fluid into joints for lubrication. Found in freely movable joints like shoulder, knee, elbow, etc.
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What is a gland
A cell or group of cells secreting a product
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Describe exocrine glands
- Secrete to the outside through a duct. (Digestive, lacrimal, sweat glands). Exocrine glands that secrete thru exocytosis = merocrine (eccrine) (lacrimal, digestive glands)
- Glands who's cells die off during secretion are called Holocene glands (sweat glands).
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Describe endocrine glands
Do not have a duct and secrete their product into the bloodstream (aka ECF) ex: thyroid gland, parathyroid, etc.
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