Tpoic 3 test 1

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus

It's is composed of lipid (phospholipid bilayer, cholesterol, and glycolipids) fluid serves as a barrier for the components of the cell to its outside environment

Everything found inside th plasma membrane. Composed of Cytosol (fluid in cell) and organelles. Has machinery for metabolism

Organelle that is the control center of the cell containing chromosomes (genetic info.). Involved in protein synthesis and passage of genetic info to offspring.

Cytosol is the fluid in the cell ONLY. Cytoplasm is the Cytosol plus other organelles

The fluid that bathes the cells, found outside the cells. While ICF (Cytosol) is the fluid found inside the cells. Icf (pH=7) is slightly more acidic than ECF (pH=7.4)

• Phospholipids form a bilayer. About 75% of the membrane. Phosphate head and fatty acid tail.
• Glycolipids- line surface of membrane. 5%. Acts as name tags to distinguish cells from invaders.
• And cholesterol. Wedged between fatty acid tail. 20%. Gives stiffness to membrane

They are located on the outside of the membrane and are attached to glycolipids. Act as a name tag to defend against invaders.

• Interval proteins go completely through the bilayer. Peripheral only adhere to one side of the membrane.
• The membrane proteins act as receptors to attach chemicals, channels to allow passage of diluted through plasma membrane, and carriers to carry diluted across plasma membrane (carriers that require ATP are called pumps Na/K pumps)

• Totipotent-stem cell that can become anything
• Pluripotent- cell can become any human tissue cell
• Multi potent- can differentiate into either cell lineage
• Oligopotent- can become one of a few different types.
• Unipotent- can only make more of its own type

Filaments that keep cells anchored down and together.

Opening that let ions pass 1 cell to the next. Gives rhythm to cells and allows for rapid communication. Heart cells

Keeps water that's supposed to be in the body, in. And water that's supposed to be outside, out. Keeps cells close, skin and stomach cells. Makes cells waterproof

Movement of particles thru semi permeable membrane from higher to lower concentration without energy

same as diffusion EXCEPT the movement is thru a protein carrier. No energy

same as diffusion BUT due to hydrostatic pressure it pushes things out. No atp

Simple diffusion of water. No atp

Movement of particles thru semipermeable from low to high with the use of atp. Against concentration gradient

Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, filtration, and osmosis

Exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis

Moving absolute out of a cell. Spits out wastes. Needs atp

Moving a solute into a cell by engulfing it in a vesicle. Phago and pinocytosis. Needs atp

Cell eating. White blood cells do this

Cell drinking. Small amounts.

A solution where the concentration is the same as ICF.

Has higher concentration of solutes like protein or sodium on outside and low concentration of solvents (water) on inside compared to ICF. Cells lose water and shrivel.

Has lower concentration of solutes (protein, sodium) outside cell and higher concentration of solvent (water) inside compared to ICF. Cells gain water and swell, may burst

Subcellular structure in Cytosol that carries out specialized metabolic functions

Control center, determines structure and function.

• Membranous network of interconnected channels within cytoplasm.
• Rough ER - dotted with ribosomes and is responsible for protein synthesis
• Smooth ER- lacks ribosomes. Has more interconnected channels than RER. Responsible for synthesis of lipids (steroids), stores Ca++, metabolizes some carbs, and breaks down certain toxins

Sorts, modifies, and ships products (proteins) from rough ER. makes lysosomes

Contains enzymes to break down and digest.

Formed by ER. Holds enzymes that break down substances like very long chain fatty acids or amino acids.

Kidney bean shape. Powerhouse of cell, produces atp. Has own DNA and reproduces on its own

Responsible for protein synthesis. Read coded messages from mRNA to assemble amino acids and polypeptides (protein)

Non membranous. Arranged in 9 groups of 3 on periphery. Their role is in cell division by forming the mitotic spindle and guiding chromatids and to opposite poles of the cell

• Interphase- 3 phases (75% of the process) where cell is not dividing.
• G1- gap where growth and metabolic rates are established
• Synthesis- period of DNA replication
• G2- growth and prep for mitosis

• Mitosis- splitting nucleus into two, immediately after is cytokinesis.
• Prophase- sister chromatids become visible
• Metaphase- sister chromatids line up and are ready to split
• Anaphase- "GO" chromatids are pulled apart
• Telophase- 2 nuclei form around chromosomes
• Cleavage furrow- 2 cells are formed

Mitosis is the division of the nucleus (the DNA) and cytokinesis is the separation of the cytoplasm.

• Happens during synthesis.
• Replication- entire strand is replicated. Scanned for mistakes

• Chromatin- loosely organized DNA in nucleus of non dividing cell.
• Chromosomes- super organized DNA in cell preparing for mitosis
• Chromatid- two sister halves, split at centromere to form separate chromosomes in anaphase

Most cells go thru mitosis. Necessary for fetus growth, tissue growth, and replacement of damaged tissue. Skin cells are constantly undergoing it to flake off surface and replace

Mitosis is asexual, meiosis is sexual

Mitosis happens all throughout the body. Meiosis only happens in the gonads

Mitosis supplements healing and growth. Meiosis produces offspring and can vary

Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells. Meiosis produces four daughter cells not identical

Mitosis daughter cell has 46 chromosomes. Meiosis daughter cell has 23

A system that enables 4 nucleotides (A,G,C,T,or U) to code for the amino acid sequences of all proteins

A sequence of DNA that codes for one protein

3 base sequence on DNA that codes for one protein

3 base sequence on mRNA that codes one amino acid. 64 possible

3 base sequence on tRNA that codes one amino acid. Corresponds to codons

Process of copying genetic instructions from DNA to mRNA. Happens in nucleus. mRNA provides code for translation

Process of reading mRNA to form polypeptide (protein). Happens in cytoplasm on any ribosomes. tRNA brings correct amino acids to ribosomes for protein assembly.

During transcription in the nucleus, the info from DNA is copied onto mRNA based on law of complimentary base pairing. This RNA can travel to ribosomes and synthesize protein now.

• Adenine to uracil
• Cytosine to guanine

Ribosomes read codons on mRNA as it passes thru two subunits of ribosomes. tRNA brings amino acids from cytoplasm

ACU GGC CUA

Transfer RNA. delivers amino acids to ribosomes so they can be assembled into a polypeptide chain

Messenger RNA- a Cody of the DNA that carries genetic information from DNA to ribosome from nucleus to cytoplasm

Ribosomal RNA. Makes the ribosomes themselves and helps "read" information form mRNA during translation

It carries all the genetic information and is a code for protein synthesis. Determines what proteins are made.

Cells scan DNA for mutations. If there was an error it may cause cancer or a defect. Cells try to not let this happen