What 3 brain components that make up the CNS?
Brain Brainstem Spinal Cord
What are the 3 main portions of the brain?
Forebrain (prosencephalon) Midbrain (mesencephalon) Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
One component of the prosencephalon is the telencephalon. The telencephalon makes up which 4 areas of the brain?
cerebrum hippocampus basal ganglia amygdala
One component of the prosencephalon is the diencephalon. The diencephalon makes up which 4 areas of the brain?
thalamus hypothalamus subthalamus epithalamus
The telencephalon and the diencephalon form which part of the brain?A. forebrain B. hindbrain C. midbrain
A. forebrain
The tectum and the tegmentum make which part of the brain?A. forebrain B. midbrain C. hindbrain
B. midbrain
The mesencephalon and the myelencephalon make up which part of the brain?A. hindbrain B. midbrain C. forebrain
A. hindbrain
The tectum makes up which components of the brain?A. cerebellum and pons B. superior and inferior colliculi and cerebral aqueduct C. thalamus and pons D. superior and inferior colliculi
D. superior and inferior colliculi
The tegmentum makes up which components of the brain?A. medulla oblongata B. thalamus, hypothalamus, sub thalamus, epithalamus C. cerebral aqueduct, hippocampus, pons D. cerebral aqueduct, periaqueductal gray, reticular formation, substantia nigra, red nucleus
D. cerebral aqueduct, periaqueductal gray, reticular formation, substantia nigra, red nucleus
The metencephalon makes up which components of the brain?A. medulla oblongata B. superior and inferior colliculi C. cerebellum and pons
C. cerebellum and pons
The myelencephalon makes up which components of the brain?A. cerebellum and pons B. medulla oblongata C. superior and inferior colliculi
B. medulla oblongata
The brainstem is composed of 3 areas of the brain and incorporates the midbrain and hindbrain. What are the 3 brainstem regions?
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
The spinal cord consists of ___ and ___ tracts.
afferent and efferent tracts
The CNS is covered in a system of ____ and suspended in _____ for protection.
The CNS is covered in a system of meninges and suspended in cerebrospinal fluid for protection.
Gray matter consists of what?
unmyelinated neurons glial cells, cell bodies, and dendrites
White matter of the spinal cord is divided into three funiculi
anterior, lateral, and dorsal columns
The brain is divided into the ___ and __ cerebral hemispheres
left and right cerebral hemispheres
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of what?
12 pairs of cranial nerves 31 pairs of spinal nerves (8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal)
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) made of 2 divisions called the __ and ___.
Sympathetic Parasympathetic
What is the sympathetic nervous system responsible for?
Prepares the body for emergency response Norepinephrine neurotransmitter Generally a stimulating response
What is the parasympathetic nervous system responsible for?
Conserving and restoring energy Acetylcholine neurotransmitter Generally an inhibitory response
What are the characteristics of the autonomic nervous system?
Anatomically contains portions of the CNS and PNS Concerned with innervation for involuntary processes, glands, internal organs, and smooth muscle Emphasis on homeostasis and a person's response to pain Impulses often do not reach our consciousness Impulses produce largely autonomic responses
Somatic nervous system
peripheral and motor nerve fibers
Peripheral and motor nerve fibers send ___ information to the CNS.
sensory
Motor fibers send information to the ____.
skeletal muscle
True or False. All nerve fibers are unmyelinated.True False
False
True or False. All the five senses are influenced by the SNS.True False
True
What is the limbic system?
Corpus callous, olfactory tract, mammillary bodies, fornix, thalamic nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, hypothalamic nuclei
What system is involved in the control and expression of mood and emotion, processing and storage of recent memory, olfaction, control of appetite, and emotional responses to food?A. Peripheral Nervous System B. Anatomic Nervous System C. Limbic System D. Somatic Nervous System
C. Limbic System
What behaviors are a result of lesions to the limbic system?
Aggression Extreme fearfulness Altered sexual behavior Changes in motivation
True or False. Autonomic disorders may be reversible or progressive in nature.True False
True
Constipation, erectile dysfunction, Horner's syndrome, vasovagal syncope, orthostatic hypotension and postural tachycardia syndrome can all be a result from?A. Limbic system B. Somatic nervous system C. Peripheral nervous system D. Autonomic nervous system
D. Autonomic nervous system
Name the orange arrow.
Corpus callosum
Name the black arrow.
Hypothalamus
Name the black arrow
Pons
Name the black arrow
Medulla oblongata
Name the black arrow. What is this area responsible for?
Cerebellum. Fine tuning of movement and assists with maintaining posture and balance by controlling muscle tone and positioning of the extremities in space.
What does the central sulcus separate?A. seperates the occipital lobe into superior and inferior halves B. separates the parietal and occipital lobes medially C. separates frontal and parietal lobes laterally
C. separates frontal and parietal lobes laterally
What does the parieto-occipital sulcus separate?A. seperates the occipital lobe into superior and inferior halves B. separates frontal and parietal lobes laterally C. separates the parietal and occipital lobes medially
C. separates the parietal and occipital lobes medially
What does the calcarine sulcus separate?A. separates frontal and parietal lobes laterally B. separates the parietal and occipital lobes medially C. seperates the occipital lobe into superior and inferior halves
C. seperates the occipital lobe into superior and inferior halves
What can occur with an impairment to the frontal lobe?
Contralateral weakness Preservation, inattention Personality changes, antisocial behavior Impaired concentration, apathy Broca's aphasia (expressive) Delayed or poor initiation Emotional liability
What is the function of the frontal lobe?
Voluntary movement, intellect, orientation Broca's area : speech, concentrationPersonality, temper, judgement, reasoning, behavior, self-awareness, executive functions
What can occur with impairments to the parietal lobe?
Contralateral sensory deficits Impaired language comprehension Impaired taste Non-dominant (R hemi) : dressing apraxia, constructional apraxia, anosognosiaDominant (L hemi) : agraphia, alexia, agnosia
What is the function of the parietal lobe?
Receives info from other areas (hearing, vision, motor, sensory, memory) Provides meaning for objects Interprets language and words Spatial and visual perception Association of touch, kinesthesia, perception of vibration and temp
What is the function of the temporal lobe?
Primary auditory processing and olfaction Wernicke's area : ability understand and produce meaningful speech, verbal and general memory, assists with understanding languageRear of lobe enables humans to interpret other people's emotions and reactions
What can occur with impairments to the temporal lobe?
Learning deficits Wernicke's aphasia (receptive deficits) Antisocial, aggressive behaviors Difficulty with facial recognition Difficulty with memory, memory loss Inability to categorize objects
What can occur with impairments to the occipital lobe?
Homonymous hemianopsia Impaired extra ocular muscle movement and visual deficits Impaired color recognition Reading and writing impairment Cortical blindness with bilateral lobe involvement
What is the function of the occipital lobe?
Main processing center for visual information Processes visual info regarding colors, light, and shapes Judgement of distance, seeing in three dimensions
Which of these are responsible for voluntary movement?A. amygdala B. basal ganglia C. hippocampus
B. basal ganglia
What is the main function of the amygdala?
Emotional and social processing
What is involved with fear and pleasure responses, arousal, processing of memory, and the formation of emotional memories?A. hippocampus B. basal ganglia C. amygdala
C. amygdala
Dysfunction in this area is associated with the following conditions: Parkinson's, Huntington's, Tourette's, ADD, OCD, and many addictions.A. amygdala B. Basal ganglia C. Hippocampus
B. Basal ganglia
This area is responsible for the process of forming and storing new memories of one's personal hx and other declarative memory.A. Hippocampus B. amygdala C. Basal ganglia
A. Hippocampus
This area of the brain is where the major motor and sensory tracts synapse.A. Diencephalon B. Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon) C. Midbrain (Mesencephalon) D. Telecephalon
A. Diencephalon
Which area controls hunger, thirst, sexual behavior and sleeping?A. basal ganglia B. hypothalamus C. thalamus D. epithalamus
B. hypothalamus
The epithalamus is primarily represented by what gland?
pineal gland
What is the main function of the pineal gland?
Secretes melatonin and is involved in circadian rhythm. Also involved in selected motor pathways and emotions. Associated with limbic system and basal ganglia.
The thalamus does all the following except what?A. coordinates sensory perception and movement with other parts of the brain and spinal cord B. Damage to thalamus can cause spontaneous pain on the contralateral side of the body to the thalamic lesion C. Recieves and integrates info from ANS and assists with hormones D. relay/processing station for the majority of info going to cerebral cortex
C. Recieves and integrates info from ANS and assists with hormones
What are the two key areas of the midbrain?
Tectum Tegmentum: cerebral aqueduct, periaqueductal gray, reticular formation, substantia nigra, red nucleus
The cerebellum coordinates movement and assists with maintaining ___.
balance
The pons and the medulla oblongata are components of the ___ and control the body's vital functions.
brainstem
What separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum?
tentorium
What are the 3 lobes of the cerebellum?
anterior posterior flocculonodular
Which ventricle lies anterior to the cerebellum lobes?
Fourth ventricle
Cerebellar lesions can cause?
Ataxia Nystagmus Tremor Hypermetria Poor coordination Deficits in balance, equilibrium, postural reflexes
Damage to one side of the cerebellum will produce ___ impairment to the body.
b. ipsilateral
Are the cerebellum lobes made of gray or white matter?
gray matter
What is the role of the pons?
Assists with regulation of RR Associated with orientation of the head in relation to visual and auditory stimuli
Which cranial nerves originate from the pons?
CN V through VIII
What is the role of the medulla oblongata?
influences respiration and HR Reflex center for vomiting, coughing, and sneezing Relays somatic sensory info from internal organs Controls arousal and sleep
Damage to the motor tracts crossing the medulla produces __ impairment.
a. contralateral
Which cranial nerves originate from the medulla oblongata?
CN IX, X, XI, XII
Severe damage to the brainstem will cause ___.
brain death secondary to the key functions that are controlled within this area (RR, HR, etc)
Which CN originate in the brainstem?
CN 5-12 Pons and medulla help make up the brainstem. CN 5-8 originate in pons and CN9-12 originate in the medulla.
The brain supply consists of the two ___ arteries and the two __ arteries.
The brain supply consists of the two carotid arteries and the two vertebral arteries.
What 4 main arteries supply the brain?
anterior cerebral artery (ACA) Middle cerebral artery (MCA) Posterior cerebral artery (PCA) Vertebral-basilar artery
What portion of the brain does the anterior cerebral artery supply?
Anterior frontal lobe Medial surface of frontal and parietal lobes
What portion of the brain does the middle cerebral artery supply?
Most of the outer cerebrum Basal ganglia Posterior and anterior internal capsule Putamen Pallidum Lentiform nucleus
What portion of the brain does the posterior cerebral artery supply?
Portion of midbrain Subthalamic nucleus Basal nucleus Thalamus Inferior temporal lobe Occipital and occipitoparietal cortices
What portion of the brain does the vertebral-basilar artery supply?
cerebellum medulla pons midbrain and thalamus Occipital cortex
Which artery is most common with CVA?
MCA
