Patho Test 1

the progression and projected outcome of a disease WiTHOUT medical intervention

not clinically evident but is destined to progress to clinical disease

long term and continuous with exacerbations and remissions

intermediate, or between acute and chronic, not as severe as acute but not as prolonged as chronic disease

severe, sudden, self-limiting disease
(acute pancreatitis)

the evolution of a disease; acute, subacute, or chronic

a group of persons who were born at approximately the same time or share some characteristics of interest

the proportion of people without the disease who are NEGATiVE on a given test or observation
(true-negative result)

the designation as the nature or cause of a health problem

the proportion of people with a disease who are POSiTiVE for that disease on a given test or observation
(true-positive result)

not clinically apparent and is not destined to become clinically apparent

level of prevention directed at keeping disease from occurring by removing all risk factors
(immunizations)

level of prevention that detects disease early when it is still asymptomatic and treatment measures can affect a cure
(papsmear)

level of prevention directed at clinical interventions that prevent further deterioration or reduce the complications of a disease once it has been diagnosed
(rehab)

the probable outcome and prospect of recovery from a disease

impairments that follow or are caused by disease

studies that compare persons known to have the outcome of interest and those known not to have the outcome of interest

studies using simultaneous collections of info necessary for classification of exposure and outcome status
(compare prevalence of lung cancer in a smoker and a nonsmoker)

the number of people in a population who have a particular disease at a given time

the number of new cases arising in a population during a specific time

the study of disease in populations; measures disease frequency

manifested by signs and symptoms

a compilation of signs and symptoms that are characteristic of a specific disease state

things noted by an observer
(abnl labs in kidney failure, elevated temperature, etc.)

subjective complaints noted by the person with the disorder
(pain, dizziness, dyspnea)

signs and symptoms changes that describe the functional and structural changes that accompany a disease

a pathologic or traumatic discontinuity of a body organ or tissue

the study of the cells and extracellular matrix of body tissues

what are morphologic changes concerned with?

the fundamental structure or form of cells or tissue

the sequence of cellular and tissue events from initial contact until expression of a disease
(how the disease process evolves)

multiple factors that predispose to a particular disease; what are the two types and give examples of each.

factors that cause disease:
a) present at birth, may not be evident until later in life
b) caused by events that occur after birth, including injury, exposer to infectious agents, etc.

the recognized etiologic agents:

the causes of disease; what sets the disease in motion

an interruption, cessation, or disorder in the function of a body organ or system

the cellular and organ changes that occur with disease and the effects that these changes have on total body function

modifies and packages substances into secretory granules or vesicles

functions as a tubular communication system through which substances can be transported from one part of the cell to another

the site of protein synthesis

the site of RNA synthesis

the complex structure of DNA and DNA-associated proteins dispersed in the nuclear matrix

contains heredity material-DNA

control center for the cell

structures composed of regions from five different chromosomes, each with a part of the genetic code needed for synthesis of rRNA, which is transcribed exclusively in nucleolus

semi-permeable, in that it is permeable to water but not all solute particles

what makes up the protoplasm

the process that converts CHO, proteins, and fats into ATP

breaking down stored nutrients and body tissues to produce energy

constructive process in which more complex molecules are formed from simpler ones

producing energy without oxygen

producing energy in the presence of oxygen

the breakdown of glucose to form ATP

produces CO₂ , H₂O , and ATP as end products

the chief function of nerve cells

cells take in and use nutrients and other substances from their surroundings
(example: cells of intestine and kidneys absorb fluids and synthesize proteins to prevent constant diarrhea)

cells give off new substances as needed
examples: adrenal glands-cortisol
ovaries-estrogen
testis-testosterone

cells rid themselves of waste products resulting from metabolic breakdown of nutrients

where does respiration occur?

a decrease in the SiZE of a tissue organ resulting from a decrease in cell size of the individual cells or in the number of cells

an increase in cell SiZE as well as an increase in the amount of functioning tissue mass

an adaptation to increased muscle demand or to specific hormonal stimuli and is reversible
(increase in muscle mass with exercise but decrease after no longer exercising)

occurs in the absence of an appropriate stimuli of increased demand and does not revert back to normal
(cardiomegaly in HTN)

an increase in the NUMBER of cells in an organ tissue

can occur as a result of hormonal stimulation or increased functional demands or as a compensatory mechanism

a reversible abnormality of cell diffrentiation

deranged cell growth of a specific tissue that results in cells that vary in size, shape, and appearance. strongly implicated as a precursor of cancer.

the buildup of substances that cells cannot immediately use or dispose

abnormal tissue deposition of calcium salts

the macroscopic deposition of calcium salts in dead or dying tissue

the deposition of calcium salts in normal tissues as a result of hypercalcemia