Neuro

• Propreoceptive Neuromuscular Function
• Response of neuromuscular mechanisms can be hastened throught stimulation of the proprioceptors

Facilitative

• Proximal to distal
• Movements in response to visual, auditory and tactile stimulation
• Head and neck patterns odserved
• Diagonal patterns evaluated

• PNF intervention
• Utilized to elicit a contraction
• In direction opposide of pull

• Scapula: AB and upwardly rotated
• Shoulder: Flexed, AD, externally rotated
• Elbow: slightly flexed
• Forearm: Supinated
• Wrist: Flexed toward radial side
• Fingers: Flexed, AD
• Thumb: Flexed, AD
• 

• Scapula: AD, downwardly rotated
• Shoulder: Extended, AB, internally rotated
• Elbow: Extended
• Forearm: Pronated
• Wrist: Extended toward ulnar side
• Fingers: Extended, AB
• Thumb: Extended AB

• Scapula: AD and upwardly rotated
• Shoulder: Flexed, AB , externally rotated
• Elbow: Extended
• Forearm: Supinated
• Wrist: Extended toward radial side
• Fingers: Extended, AB
• Thumb: Extended, AB

• Scapula: AB, downwardly rotated
• Shoulder: Extended, AD, internally rotated
• Elbow: Towards flexion
• Forearm: Pronated
• Wrist: Flexed toward ulnar side
• Fingers: Flexed, AD
• Thumb: Flexed, AD

Used when restriction is felt during ROM in PNF

• Isometric contraction of the antagonist
• relaxation then passive movement of agonistic pattern

• Isometric contraction on the antagonist,
• relaxation then active movement of the agonist

• the muscle that moves
• passes over a joint ( two seperate parts)

a muscle that acts in opposition to the specific movement generated by the agonist and is responsible for returning a limb to its initial position.

• PNF technique
• Improves muscle initiation
• Passive rhythmic movement followed by active participation in the same pattern

• Falaccidity or no coluntary motion
• developing synergies
• beginning voluntary movement within the synergy
• initial movements that deviate from synergy
• Independence from the basic synergies
• Isolated, near normal movement with minimal spacticity

imparined ability to perform rapid alternating movements

Loss of motor control in culding tremors, dysdiadochokinesia, dyssynergia and visual nystagmus

involuntary tremor noted in resting positions

worsening of action tremor as the limb approaches the target in space

undershooding or overshooting of a target

• breakdown in movement resulting in joints being moved separately to reach a desired target as opposed to moving in a smooth trajectiory
• decomposition of movement

• an increased resistance to passive movement throughout the range
• may be cogwheel: alternative contraction/ relaxation of muscles being stretched OR
• leadpipe: Consistent contraction throughout range

overall slowing of movement patterns

inability to initiate movements

• Dyskinetic condition that includes inadequate timing, force and accuracy of movements in the trunk/ limbs
• movements are writhing and worm-like

incoluntary sustained distorted movement or posture involving contraction of groups of muscles

involuntary movements of the face and extremities which are spasmodic and of shor duration

unilateral chorea characterized by violent forcefull movements of the proximal muscles

No moving parts

• has moving parts
• used to increase passive motion, assist weak motions or substitute for lost motion

used to achieve a slow, prgressive increase in motion by progressive re-molding

• supports wrist in 10-20 degrees of extension to prevent contracture
• Allows the digits to function

• Utilized for persons who need to have thier wrist, digits and thumb supported in a functional positionf for prolonged periods
• ie: when devoloping contracture of the long flexors

• Contemporary
• Motor relearning program (MRP)
• Contemporary task oriented approach
• Principles of Motor Learning
• Traditional
• Sensorimotor
• Margaret Rood's Approach
• NDT/ Bobath
• PNF

• Techniques to provide sensory input to the nervous system to evoke a reflex-based muscular response
• Developmental sequences
• Utilization of activity ro demand purposeful response

• Reciporacal inhibition/innervation: An early mobility pattern that is primarily a reflex governed by spinal centers
• Co-contraction: simultaneous contraction of the agonist and antagonist that provides stability in a static pattern, used to stabilize for a long duration
• Heavy work: mobility superimposed on stability, proximal muscles contract and move and distal segments are fixed
• Skill: highest level of control, stability and mobility, stabilized proximal segment while distal segments move in space

• Supine withdrawl
• Rollover
• Prone extension
• Neck cocontraction
• Prone on elbows
• Quadruped
• Standing
• Walking

• Stimulation
• Fast brushing
• Stretch/ tendon tapping
• High frequency vibration
• Quick icing
• Heavy joint compression
• Resistance utilizing gravity via therapists hands
• Inhibitory
• gentle rocking
• slow stroking
• slow rolling of individual
• tendinous pressure over muscle insertion
• maintainted stretch
• Neutral warmth
• Prolonged icing