A&P Class - Exam #1 - Set #1

• 1. Subatomic particles
• 2. Atom
• 3. Molecule
• 4. Macromolecule
• 5. Organelle
• 6. Cell
• 7. Tissue
• 8. Organ
• 9. Organ System
• 10. Organism

• 1. Intigumentary -
• 2. Skeletal -
• 3. Muscular -
• 4. Nervous -
• 5. Endocrine -
• 6. Cardiovascular -
• 7. Lymphatic -
• 8. Digestive -
• 9. Respiratory -
• 10. Urinary -
• 11. Reproductive -

• Discription of the them... (edit later) pg8 Table 1.2 (skim study)
• 

• Cranial Cavity
• Vertebral canal
• Mediastinum
• Thoracic Cavity
• Right pleural cavity (right lung)
• Pericardial cavity (heart)
• Thoracic Cavity
• Left pleural cavity (left lung)
• Abdominopelvic cavity
• Adominal cavity
• Pelvic cavity

• Cranial cavity (brain)
• Vertebral cavity (spin)
• Thoracic cavity
• Diaphragm (dome shaped) (definate line of demarcation)
• Abdominpelvic cavity
• Abdominal cavity
• Pelvic cavity

• > The Cranial cavity and Vetebral cavity are named the "Dorsal cavities" (back)
• > The Thoracic and Adominopelvic cavities are named the "Ventral cavities" (front)

Questions and observations that have lead to knowledge.

The study of the structure of the human body.

what things look like - where they are - what they are attached to = NOTHING ABOUT WHAT IT DOES

The study of the function of the human body.

what things do -

• 1. Movement -
• 2. Resonsiveness -
• 3. Growth -
• 4. Reproduction -
• 5. Respiration -
• 6. Digestion -
• 7. Absorption -
• 8. Circulation -
• 9. Assimulation -
• 10. Excretion -

> can fill in the defiintions of in later...

• 1. Water
• 2. Food
• 3. Oxygen
• 4. Heat
• 5. Pressure

The body's mainenance of a stable internal enviornment.

They are self-regulating control systems of the body that help to maintian homestasis.

• 1. Receptors - provides information about the stimuli
• 2. Control Center - tells what a particular value should be (called a set point)

3. Effector - elicits responses that change conditions in the internal enviornment


> could put Figure 1.6 in here from page 10

It is the "thermostat"-sensitive region in a control cent of the brain.

A process that moves conditions towards the normal state.

The most common type of feedback mechanism (loop).

Example: body temperature, blood pressure, glucose regulation

A process that moves conditions away from the normal state.

example: blood cloting and child birth

1. axial portion - the head, neck, and trunk

• 2. appendicular protion - the upper and lower limbs

parietal - lines the...

visceral - covers the...

A serous fluid seperates them...

The potential space is calle " ---- " cavity.

pleura - lungs

pericardium - heart

peritaneum - abdominal

parietal - pelvic

• standing erect
• facing forward
• upper limbs at the sides
• palms facing forward
• thumbs out

Superior - closer to head

Inferior - closer to feet

Anterior - closer to the front

Posterior - closer to the back

• Medial - closer to the middle
• Lateral - out to the sides

Bilateral - paired structures on each side

• Ipsilateral - two structues on the same side
• Contralateral - two structures on the opposite side

• Proximal - closer to where it hooks on
• Distal - farther to where it hooks on

• Superfical - closer to the surface
• Deep - more internal

• Internal - inside the body
• External - outside the body

• A lengthwise cut that divides the body into left and right portions.
• 

[A length wise cut that divides the body into equal left and right portions]

• When a sagittal section passes along the midline and divides the body into equal parts.
• 

[A length wise cut that divides the body into equal left and right portions]

• A sagittal section lateral to midline is called parasagittal.
• 

• It is when the body is divided into superior and inferior portions.
• 

• It is when the body is divided into anterior and posterior portions.
• 

Right hypocondriac region / Epigastric region / Left hypocondriac region

Right lumbar region / Umbilical region / Left lumbar region

Right illac region / Hypogastric region / Left illac region

Right upper quadrant (RUQ) / Left upper quadrant (LUQ)

Right lower quadrant (RLQ) / Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

• Cephalic (head)
• Orbital (eye cavity)
• Otic (ear)
• Buccal (cheek)
• Oral (mouth)
• Cervical (neck)
• Pectoral (chest)
• Axillary (armpit)
• Brachial (arm)
• Antecubital (front of elbow)
• Umbilical (navel)
• Inguinal (groin)
• Digital (finger)
• Digital (finger)

• Occipital (back of the head)
• Vertebral (spinal column)
• Lumbar (lower back)
• Gluteal (buttocks)
• Popliteal (back of knee)
• Plantar (sole)

Similar cells with a common function are called tissues.

Histology is the study of tissues.

• 1. Epithelial
• 2. Connective
• 3. Muscle
• 4. Nervous

• 1. Tight junction
• 2. Desmomes
• 3. Gap junction

• Tight Junction
• > close space between cells
• > located among the cells that form the lining

• Desmosomes
• > form "spot welds between cells
• > located among outer skin cells

• Gap Junction
• > tubbular channels between cells
• > located in the smooth and cardiac muscles

• - Covers the body surface and organs
• - Forms the inner linning body cavities
• - Lines hallow organs
• - Always has a free surface (contrast with external and internal environment)
• - Has a basement membrane (thin, nonliving layer)
• - Are avascular (lack blood vessels)
• - Cells readily divide
• - Cells tightly packed
• - Cells often have desmosomes (spot welding)
• - Function protection, secretion, absorption, and excretion
• - Classified according to cell shape and number of cell layers (simple and strasfied [many]) ***

• 1. Simple squamous epithelium - single layer, flattened cells
• 2. Simple cubodial epithelium - single layer, cube-shaped cells
• 3. Simple columnar epithelium - single layer, elongated cells
• 4. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium - single layer, elongated cells
• 5. Stratified squamous epithelium - many layers, top cells flattened
• 6. Stratified cubodial epithelium - 2 to 3 layers, cube-shaped cells
• 7. Stratified columnar epithelium - top layer of elongated cells, lower layers of cube-shaped cells
• 8. Transitional epithelium - many layers of cube-shaped and elongated cells

9. Glandular epithelium - unicellular or multicellular

• - single layer of flat cells
• - substances pass easily through
• - line air sacs
• - line blood vessels
• - line lymphatic vessels

• - single layer of cube-shaped cells
• - line kidney tubules
• - covers overies
• - lines ducts of some glands

• - single layer of elongated cells
• - nuclei usually near the basement
• - membrane at same level
• - sometimes possess microvilli
• - often have goblet cells
• - line uterus, stomach, intestines

• - single layer of elongated cells
• - nuclei at two or more levels
• - appear striated
• - often have cilia
• - often have goblet cells
• - line the respiratory passageways

• - many cell layers
• - top cells are flat
• - can accumulat keratin (dead, dead, dead)
• - outer layer of skin
• - line oral cavity, vagina, and anal canal

• - 2 to 3 layers
• - cube-shaped cells
• - line ducts of mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, and pancreas, (and only the developing portino of reproductive system)

• - top layer of elongated cells
• - cube-shaped cells in deeper layers
• - line part of male urethea and part of pharynx

• - many cell layers
• - elongated and cube-shaped cells
• - line the urinary bladder, ureters, and part of urethra
• - form barrier, prevents content from going back into the system

- composed of cells that are specilized to produce and secrete substances into ducts or into body fluids

• - Two Types:
• - Endocrine glands - are ductless
• - Exocrine glands - have ducts
• - Unicellular exocrine glands
• - composed of one cell
• - goblet cell
• - Multicellular exocrine glands
• - composed of many cells
• - sweat glands

Simple tubler

• Simple branched tubular
• 

• Simple coiled tubular
• 

• Simple branched alveolar
•