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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
UNDERSTAND
1. Which of the following is NOT a property of life?
Energy utilization
Order
Movement
Homeostasis
MOVEMENT
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
UNDERSTAND
2. The process of inductive reasoning involves
the use of general principles to predict a specific result.
the generation of specific predictions based on a belief system.
the use of specific observations to develop general principles.
the use of general principles to support a hypothesis.
the use of specific observations to develop general principles.
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
UNDERSTAND
3. A hypothesis in biology is best described as
a possible explanation of an observation.
an observation that supports a theory.
a general principle that explains some aspect of life.
an unchanging statement that correctly predicts some aspect of life.
a possible explanation of an observation.
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
UNDERSTAND
4. A scientific theory is
a guess about how things work in the world.
a statement of how the world works that is supported by experimental data.
a belief held by many scientists.
Both a and c are correct.
a statement of how the world works that is supported by experimental data.
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
UNDERSTAND
5. The cell theory states that
cells are small.
cells are highly organized.
there is only one basic type of cell.
all living things are made up of cells.
all living things are made up of cells.
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
UNDERSTAND
6. The molecule DNA is important to biological systems because
it can be replicated.
it encodes the information for making a new individual.
it forms a complex, double-helical structure.
nucleotides form genes.
it encodes the information for making a new individual.
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
UNDERSTAND
7. The organization of living systems is
linear with cells at one end and the biosphere at the other.
circular with cells in the center.
hierarchical with cells at the base, and the biosphere at the top.
chaotic and beyond description.
hierarchical with cells at the base, and the biosphere at the top.
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
UNDERSTAND
8. The idea of evolution
was original to Darwin.
was original to Wallace.
predated Darwin and Wallace.
Both a and b are correct.
predated Darwin and Wallace.
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
APPLY
1. What is the significance of Pasteur’s experiment to test the germ
hypothesis?
It proved that heat can sterilize a broth.
It demonstrated that cells can arise spontaneously.
It demonstrated that some cells are germs.
It demonstrated that cells can only arise from other cells.
It demonstrated that cells can only arise from other cells.
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
APPLY
2. Which of the following is NOT an example of reductionism?
Analysis of an isolated enzyme’s function in an experimental assay
Investigation of the effect of a hormone on cell growth in a Petri dish
Observation of the change in gene expression in response to specific stimulus
An evaluation of the overall behavior of a cell
An evaluation of the overall behavior of a cell
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
APPLY
3. How is the process of natural selection different from that of artificial selection?
Natural selection produces more variation.
Natural selection makes an individual better adapted.
Artificial selection is a result of human intervention.
Artificial selection results in better adaptations.
Artificial selection is a result of human intervention.
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
APPLY
4. If you found a fossil for a modern organism next to the fossil of a dinosaur, this would
argue against evolution by natural selection.
have no bearing on evolution by natural selection.
indicate that dinosaurs may still exist.
Both b and c are correct.
Both b and c are correct.
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
APPLY
5. The theory of evolution by natural selection is a good example of how science proceeds because
it rationalizes a large body of observations.
it makes predictions that have been tested by a variety of approaches.
it represents Darwin’s belief of how life has changed over time.
Both b and c are correct.
Both b and c are correct.
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
APPLY
6. In which domain of life would you find only single-celled organisms?
Eukarya
Archaea
Bacteria
Both b and c are correct.
Both b and c are correct.
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
APPLY
7. Evolutionary conservation occurs when a characteristic is
important to the life of the organism.
not influenced by evolution.
no longer functionally important.
found in more primitive organisms.
important to the life of the organism.
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
SYNTHESIZE
1. Assuming that all life shares common properties,
what should exobiologists be looking for as they explore other worlds?
- demonstrate organization,
- possibly including a cellular structure.
- gain and use energy to maintain homeostasis,
- respond to its environment,
- grow and reproduce.
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
SYNTHESIZE
2. The classic experiment by Pasteur (figure 1.4) tested the hypothesis that
cells arise from other cells. In this experiment cell growth was
measured following sterilization of broth in a swan-necked flask or
in a flask with a broken neck.
a. Which variables were kept the same in these two
experiments?
- The variables that were held the same between the two experiments
- include the broth, the flask, and the sterilization step.
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
SYNTHESIZE
2. The classic experiment by Pasteur (figure 1.4) tested the hypothesis that
cells arise from other cells. In this experiment cell growth was
measured following sterilization of broth in a swan-necked flask or
in a flask with a broken neck.
b. How does the shape of the flask affect the experiment?
- b. The shape of the flask influences the experiment because any cells
- present in the air can enter the flask with the broken neck, but they are
- trapped in the neck of the other flask.
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
SYNTHESIZE
2. The classic experiment by Pasteur (figure 1.4) tested the hypothesis that
cells arise from other cells. In this experiment cell growth was
measured following sterilization of broth in a swan-necked flask or
in a flask with a broken neck.
c. Predict the outcome of each experiment based on the
two hypotheses.
- c. If cells can arise spontaneously, then cell growth will occur in both
- flasks. If cells can only arise from preexisting cells (cells in the air), then
- only the flask with the broken neck will grow cells. Breaking the neck
- exposes the broth to a source of cells.
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
SYNTHESIZE
2. The classic experiment by Pasteur (figure 1.4) tested the hypothesis that
cells arise from other cells. In this experiment cell growth was
measured following sterilization of broth in a swan-necked flask or
in a flask with a broken neck.
d. Some bacteria (germs) are capable of producing heat-resistant
spores that protect the cell and allow it to continue to grow
after the environment cools. How would the outcome of this
experiment have been affected if spore-forming bacteria were
present in the broth?
- d. If the sterilization step did not actually remove all cells, then growth
- would have occurred in both flasks. This result would seem to support the
- hypothesis that life can arise spontaneously.
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
Biological systems are the most complex chemical systems on Earth, and
their many functions are both determined and constrained by
the principles of
chemistry and physics
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
The intricate chemical workings of cells can be understood
using the tools and principles of
CHEMISTRY
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
every level of biological organization is governed by
the nature of energy transactions first studied by
thermodynamics
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
The complexity of living systems is made possible by a
constant source of energy—the Sun
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
Biology is at the heart of this multidisciplinary approach because
biological problems often require
many different approaches to arrive at solutions.
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
seven characteristics shared by living systems:
Cellular organization
Ordered complexity
Response to stimuli
Growth, development, and reproduction
Energy utilization
Homeostasis
Evolutionary adaptation
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
seven characteristics shared by living systems:
BLANK
Ordered complexity
Response to stimuli
Growth, development, and reproduction
Energy utilization
Homeostasis
Evolutionary adaptation
CELLULAR ORGANIZATION
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
seven characteristics shared by living systems:
Cellular organization
BLANK
Response to stimuli
Growth, development, and reproduction
Energy utilization
Homeostasis
Evolutionary adaptation
ORDERED COMPLEXITY
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
seven characteristics shared by living systems:
Cellular organization
Ordered complexity
BLANK
Growth, development, and reproduction
Energy utilization
Homeostasis
Evolutionary adaptation
RESPONSE TO STIMULI
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
seven characteristics shared by living systems:
Cellular organization
Ordered complexity
Response to stimuli
BLANK
Energy utilization
Homeostasis
Evolutionary adaptation
GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT, REPRODUCTION
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
seven characteristics shared by living systems:
Cellular organization
Ordered complexity
Response to stimuli
Growth, development, and reproduction
BLANK
Homeostasis
Evolutionary adaptation
ENERGY UTILIZATION
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
seven characteristics shared by living systems:
Cellular organization
Ordered complexity
Response to stimuli
Growth, development, and reproduction
Energy utilization
BLANK
Evolutionary adaptation
HOMEOSTASIS
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
seven characteristics shared by living systems:
Cellular organization
Ordered complexity
Response to stimuli
Growth, development, and reproduction
Energy utilization
Homeostasis
BLANK
EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATION
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
BLANK = All organisms consist of one or more cells.
cells carry out the basic activities of living.
Each cell is bounded by a membrane that separates it from its surroundings.
CELLULAR ORGANIZATION
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
BLANK = All living things are both complex
and highly ordered. Your body is composed of
many different kinds of cells, each containing many complex
molecular structures.
ORDERED COMPLEXITY
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
BLANK = All organisms respond to BLANK.
Plants grow toward a source of light, and the pupils of
your eyes dilate when you walk into a dark room.
RESPONSE TO STIMULI
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
BLANK = All organisms are capable of growing and reproducing, and
they all possess hereditary molecules that are passed to their offspring,
ensuring that the offspring are of the same species
GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT, AND REPRODUCTION
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
BLANK = All organisms take in BLANK and
use it to perform many kinds of work.
ENERGY UTILIZATION
-
BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
BLANK = All organisms maintain relatively constant
internal conditions that are different from their environment,
HOMEOSTATIS
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
BLANK = All organisms interact with other
organisms and the nonliving environment in ways that
influence their survival, and as a consequence, organisms
BLANK adaptations to their environments.
EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATION
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
The organization of the biological world is hierarchical:
CELLULAR LEVEL
ORGANISMAL LEVEL
POPULATIONAL LEVEL
ECOSYSTEM LEVEL
BIOSPHERE
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
The organization of the biological world is hierarchical:
BLANK
ORGANISMAL LEVEL
POPULATIONAL LEVEL
ECOSYSTEM LEVEL
BIOSPHERE
CELLULAR LEVEL
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
The organization of the biological world is hierarchical:
CELLULAR LEVEL
BLANK
POPULATIONAL LEVEL
ECOSYSTEM LEVEL
BIOSPHERE
ORGANISMAL LEVEL
-
BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
The organization of the biological world is hierarchical:
CELLULAR LEVEL
ORGANISMAL LEVEL
BLANK
ECOSYSTEM LEVEL
BIOSPHERE
POPULATIONAL LEVEL
-
BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
The organization of the biological world is hierarchical:
CELLULAR LEVEL
ORGANISMAL LEVEL
POPULATIONAL LEVEL
BLANK
BIOSPHERE
ECOSYSTEM LEVEL
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
The organization of the biological world is hierarchical:
CELLULAR LEVEL
ORGANISMAL LEVEL
POPULATIONAL LEVEL
ECOSYSTEM LEVEL
BLANK
BIOSHERE
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
BLANK LEVEL atoms, the fundamental elements of matter, are
joined together into clusters called molecules.
CELLULAR
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
BLANK LEVEL
tissues, which are groups of similar cells that act as a functional unit.
Tissues, in turn, are grouped into organs—body structures composed
of several different tissues that act as a structural and
functional unit.
At the third level of organization, organs are grouped into organ
systems.
ORGANISMAL
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
BLANK LEVEL
a group of organisms of the same species living in the same place.
POPULATIONAL
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
BLANK LEVEL
At the highest tier of biological
organization, populations of organisms interact with
each other and their physical environment. Together
populations and their environment constitute an
ECOSYSTEM
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
The entire planet can be thought of as an
ecosystem that we call the
BIOSPHERE
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
As you move up this hierarchy, the many interactions occurring at
lower levels can produce novel properties. These so-called
BLANK properties may not be predictable.
EMERGENT
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
Biology as a science brings together other natural sciences, such
as
chemistry and physics, to study living systems.
-
BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
BLANK is the primary way of reasoning in hypothesis-driven science.
INDUCTION
-
BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
BLANK BLANK applies general principles to predict specific results
DEDUCTIVE
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
Deductive reasoning is the reasoning of BLANK AND BLANK, and it
is used to test the validity of general ideas in all branches of knowledge
MATHEMATICS AND PHILOSOPHY
-
BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
In BLANK BLANK, the logic flows in the opposite direction,
from the specific to the general
INDUCTIVE REASONING
-
BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
BLANK BLANK uses specific observations to construct general scientific principles
BLANK BLANK
-
BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
BLANK BLANK leads to generalizations that can then be tested.
INDUCTIVE REASONING
-
BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
After making careful observations, scientists construct a
BLANK, which is a suggested explanation that accounts for
those observations.
HYPOTHESIS
-
BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
A BLANK is a proposition that might be true.
HYPOTHESIS
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
We call the test of a hypothesis an BLANK
EXPIREMENT
-
BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
Often scientists are interested in learning about processes that are
influenced by many factors, or BLANK
VARIABLES
-
BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
In the BLANK BLANK, one variable is altered in a known way to test a particular hypothesis
TEST EXPERIMENT
-
BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
In the control experiment, that BLANK is left unaltered.
VARIABL
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
A successful scientific hypothesis needs to be not only valid but also
useful—it needs to tell us something BLANK
WE WANT TO KNOW
-
BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
A hypothesis is most useful when it makes
predictions because those predictions provide a way to test the validity of the hypothesis.
-
BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
We call the test of a hypothesis
an experiment.
-
BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
To evaluate alternative hypotheses about one variable, all other variables must be kept
constant.
-
BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
BLANK breaks larger systems into their component parts
Scientists use the philosophical approach of BLANK to
understand a complex system by reducing it to its working parts.
REDUCTIONISM
-
BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
Reductionism has limits when applied to living systems -
example, enzymes do not always
behave exactly the same in isolation as they do in their normal cellular context.
-
BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
Biologists construct BLANK to explain living systems
MODELS
-
BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
The first meaning of BLANK is a proposed explanation for some natural phenomenon,
often based on some general principle.
THEORY
-
BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
The second meaning of theory is the body of interconnected
BLANK, supported by scientific reasoning and experimental evi-
dence, that explains the facts in some area of study.
CONCEPTS
-
BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
The second meaning of theory is the body of interconnected
concepts, supported by BLANK reasoning and EXPERIMENTAL evi-
dence, that explains the facts in some area of study.
-
BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
The second meaning of theory is the body of interconnected
concepts, supported by scientific reasoning and experimental evi-
dence, that explains the BLANK in some area of study.
FACTS
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
To a scientist, BLANK are the solid ground of science,
expressing ideas of which we are most certain.
to the general public, the word BLANK usually implies the opposite —
a lack of knowledge, or a guess.
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
Much of science is BLANK, amassing observations to gain an accurate view.
DESCRIPTIVE
-
BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
Scientific hypotheses are suggested explanations for observed BLANK
PHENOMENA
-
BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
Hypotheses need to make predictions that can be
tested by controlled experiments.
-
BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
BLANK are coherent explanations of observed data, but they may be modified by new information.
THEORIES
-
BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
BLANK BLANK represents the evolutionary history of the gene, its “family tree.”
HYLOGENETIC TREE
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
Cells were discovered by ROBERT BLANK in England in 1665,
using one of the first microscopes, one that magnified 30 time
ROBERT HOOKE
-
BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
Dutch scientist ANTON VAN BLANK used microscopes capable of
magnifying 300 times and discovered an amazing world of
single-celled life in a drop of pond water
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
In 1839, the German biologists Matthias BLANK and
Theodor Schwann, summarizing a large number of observations by
themselves and others, concluded that all living organisms consist of
cells. Their conclusion has come to be known as the cell theory
MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
In 1839, the German biologists Matthias Schleiden and
Theodor BLANK, summarizing a large number of observations by
themselves and others, concluded that all living organisms consist of
cells. Their conclusion has come to be known as the cell theory
SCHWANN
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
In 1839, the German biologists Matthias Schleiden and
Theodor Schwann, summarizing a large number of observations by
themselves and others, concluded that all living organisms consist of
cells. Their conclusion has come to be known as the BLANK
CELL THEORY
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
The BLANK, one of the basic ideas in biology,
is the foundation for understanding the reproduction and growth of all organisms.
CELL THEORY
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
The information that specifies what a cell is
like—its detailed plan—is encoded in
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), a long, cablelike molecule
-
BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
Each DNA molecule is formed from two long chains of building blocks, called
nucleotides
-
BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
NUMBER different nucleotides are found in DNA, and the sequence in which they
occur encodes the cell’s information.
FOUR
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
Specific sequences of several hundred to many thousand nucleotides make up a BLANK,
a discrete unit of information.
-
BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
the continuity of life from one generation to the
next heredity depends on the faithful copying of a cell’s DNA into
daughter cells.
-
BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
The entire set of DNA instructions that specifies a
cell is called its
genome.
-
BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
One of the unifying themes of molecular biology is the
relationship between BLANK AND BLANK
structure and function
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
Function in molecules, and larger macromolecular complexes, is dependent on their
structure
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
The diversity of life arises by
evolutionary change
-
BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
The underlying unity of biochemistry and genetics argues that all life has evolved
from the
same origin event.
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
Biologists divide life’s great diversity into three great groups,
called domains:
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
Within Eukarya are four main groups called
KINGDOMS
-
BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
Kingdom BLANK consists of all the unicellular
eukaryotes except yeasts (which are fungi), as well as
the multicellular algae
PROTISTA
-
BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
Kingdom BLANK consists of organisms that have cell walls
of cellulose and obtain energy by photosynthesis.
PLANTAE
-
BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
Organisms in the kingdom BLANK have cell walls of
chitin and obtain energy by secreting digestive enzymes and
then absorbing the products they release from the external environment.
FUNGI
-
BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
Kingdom BLANK contains organisms that lack cell walls and
obtain energy by first ingesting other organisms and then digesting them internally.
ANIMALIA
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BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
Biologists agree that all organisms alive today have descended
from some
simple cellular creature that arose about 3.5 bya
-
BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
Cells are BLANK BLANK systems
information-processing systems
-
BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
The control of BLANK BLANK allows differentiation of cell types in time and space, leading
to changes over developmental time into different tissue types
GENE EXPRESSION
-
BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
all cells in an organism carry the same
genetic information.
-
BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
Cells sense their environment through proteins in their
membranes
-
BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
proteins are transmitted across the
membrane to elaborate signal-transduction chemical pathways that
can change the functioning of a cell.
PROTEINS
-
BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
proteins are transmitted across the
membrane to elaborate signal-transduction chemical pathways that
can change the functioning of a BLANK
CELL
-
BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
ability of cells to sense and respond to their
environment is critical to the function of
tissues and organs in multicellular organisms.
-
BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
A BLANK organism can regulate its internal
environment, maintaining constant temperature, pH, and concen-
trations of vital ions.
MULTICELLULAR
-
BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
A constant supply of BLANK is necessary to maintain a stable nonequilibrium state.
ENERGY
-
BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
BLANK BLANK are properties of collections of
molecules, cells, individuals, that are distinct from the categorical
properties that can be described by such statistics as mean and
standard deviation.
EMERGENT PROPERTIES
-
BIOLOGY MCRAW HILL 01
Living organisms are able to use energy to construct complex molecules from
simple ones, and are thus not in a state of BLANK EQUILIBRIUM
thermodynamic equilibrium.
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