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: dilation of the bronchial air ways
Bronchiectasis
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:inflammation of the bronchial tree
Bronchitis
-
This disorder is secondary to cystic fibrosis, asthma, and TB
Bronchiectasis
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: acute inflammation and/or infection of the lungs
Pneumonia
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:collapsed alveoli
Atelectasis
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:fluid in the pleural space
Pleural effusion
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The nurse carrying for a patient with pneumonia should check ____ and ____ levels
WBCs and ABG levels
-
____ is the biggest killer world wide among adults and children
TB
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: is an acid fast bacillus implant in bronchioles or alveoli
Tuberculosis
-
People at risk for TB
•elderly •alcoholics • those living in crowded conditions • new immigrants *HIV
-
The people who are at the greates risk of getting TB are
People who have HIV
-
What are two drugs commonly used to treat TB
Isoniazed and Rifampin
-
With a person at risk for impaired gas exchange, the nurse would need to monitor
• lung sound • resp rate • dyspnea •LOC • cap refill •O2 sat • ABGs •s/s of hypoxia
-
For a patient with impaired gas exchange they need to be in ____ position with their _____ down
Fowler’s. Good lung down.
-
The nurse would need to monitor what with a patient with ineffective airway clearance ?
•lung sounds •deep breathing and coughing • promote moment to loosen secretions •turn q2h and ambulate •suction PRN
-
Would bed rest be effective for a person with ineffective air way clearance?
No, ambulating and moving will promote the loosening of secretions.
-
The nurse will need to monitor what when taking car of a patient with ineffective breathing pattern?
•resp rate, depth, and effort • ABGs •O2
-
A patient with ineffective breathing pattern can benefit from being in _____ position and teaching them to do _____ breathing
Fowler’s or semifowlers position. Diaphragmatic breathing.
-
_____ _____ breathing can help open alveoli and promote excretion of CO2 in patients who are acutely SOB
Pursed lip breathing
-
When ambulating a patient with activity intolerance use portable _____
O2
-
:inflammation of the visceral and parietal pleurae
Pleurisy (pleuritis)
-
_____ causes friction between pleurae On inspiration
Pleurisy
-
Pleurisy is secondary to ______,_____, and ____
Pneumonia, TB, and cancer
-
S/S of pleurisy
•friction rub •pain on inspiration •fever •elevated WBC •shallow breathing
-
As pleural membranes become more inflamed, serious fluid production increases which could lead to _____ ____
Pleural effusion
-
:excess fluid between visceral and parietal pleurae
Pleural effusion *could collapse lung*
-
:collection of pus in the pleural space
Empyema
-
One type of fluid from pleural effusion, that is a watery fluid from the capillaries is called
Transudative. (May be the result of heart failure,liver disorders or kidney disorders)
-
One type of fluid from plural effusion that contains WBC and proteins and comes from cells surrounding the capillaries is called_____
Exudative. (May be the result of infection, inflammation, cancer)
-
: alveoli become thick and scarred making gas exchange difficult
Pulmonary fibrosis
-
What are two types of drugs that can reduce pulmonary disease progression and preserve lung function (antifibrotic drugs)
1. Pirfenidone (Esbriet) and Nintedanib (Ofev)
-
:collapse of alveoli
Atelectasis
-
Atelectasis can be caused by anything that causes ______
Hypoventilation
-
:trapping of air in the alveoli ; group of disorders (asthma, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
-
COPD will be diagnosed if the patient is sick for 3 months of the year for ____consecutive years.
2
-
:caused when damage to the air sacs makes it difficult to move air in and out
Air trapping
-
_____ is a major risk factor for respiratory problems
Smoking
-
With COPD patient they May develop _______ because the heart has to work extra hard to pump blood to the diseases lungs
Right sided heart failure
-
: abnormal enlargement of the right side of the heat due to diseases lungs
Cor pulmonale
-
: air filled blisters in the lungs
Bullae
-
COPD complications include
•cor pulmonale •weight loss •bullae •blebs •respiratory failure
-
: air doll blister adjacent to the pleurae
Blebs
-
Chronic O2 sat level of less than or equal to ___% should be places in home O2
88%
-
O2 is generally ordered at ___-____ L/min for patients with COPD
1-2 L/ minute
-
COPD patients receive lower O2 rates to keep from suppressing the ____ ____
Hypoxic drive
-
A rapid pulse, resp. rate, and decreased BO could indicated ___ ____ ___ and oxygenation is a priority!!
Impaired tissue perfusion
-
: chronic inflammation of the bronchial mucosa, constructing air ways, and bronchospasms
Asthma
-
Asthma triggers
•smoking •allergies •exercise •stress •some medications •infection •sinusitis •infection
-
: helps show a decrease in inhalations
Spirometry
-
Keep daily track of asthma with a ___ ____ ____
Peek flow meter
-
Two types of meds given to patients with asthma
•bronchodilators •corticosteroids
-
Cortisol steroids reduce airway inflammation and can be administered by ___,___,___
IV, P.O, and inhaled
-
: an exocrine gland disorder that causes thick tenacious secretions
Cystic Fibrosis
-
Cystic fibrosis effects primarily the _____,_____, and ____ ____
GI tract, lungs, and sweat glands
-
Cystic fibrosis can cause _____ foul smelling stools
Fatty
-
: enzyme that breaks up and loosens mucus
Dornase alfa (pulmozyme)
-
; improves the function of a protein that is defective in pts with Cystic fibrosis
Ivacaftor (Kalydeco)
-
: blood clot in the pulmonary artery
Pulmonary embolism
-
Most pulmonary emboli originate in the deep veins of the lower extremities also called (_____ _____ _____)
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
-
A ____ emboli can travel from a compound fracture and cause a pulmonary emboli
Fat
-
An _____ ____ emboli can travel and cause a pulmonary emboli during labor and delivery
Amniotic fluid
-
Prevention of pulmonary emboli
•ambulating •treatment of DVT •anticoagulants
-
What are someanticoagulant medications given to high risk pulmonary embolis patients
•Warfarin (Coumadin) •Enoxaparin (Lovenox) •Heparin
-
If you suspect a patient is having a pulmonary embolism yell for bell and start ____ and get someone else to notify the MD
O2
-
: air in the inteaoleural space (complete of partial collapse of the lung)
Pneumothorax
-
If no injury is present, the pneumothorax is considered ______
Spontaneous pneumothorax
-
Penetrating injury to the chest wall and parietal pleurae allows air into the pleural space is call a _____ pneumothorax
Traumatic
-
If air can enter and escape through the opening in the pleural space, it is considered an _____ pneumothorax
Open
-
When the heart and vessels are compressed and venous return to the heart is impaired resulting in symptoms of shock, this is considered a ____ pneumothorax
Tension pneumothorax *MEDICAL EMERGENCY**
-
What are some signs and symptoms of pneumothorax
•asymmetrical chest expansion •absent breath sounds of affect lung •dyspnea •shallow, rapid respirations
-
Signs and symptoms of tension pneumothorax
•deviated trachea •bradycardia •cyanosis •shock, if not treated, resulting in death
-
:sterile talc is certain antibiotics are inject into pleural space ,of a patient with recurrent pneumothorax , causing pleural membranes to stick together
Pleurodesis
-
Common causes of fractured ribs
•coughing •falls •trauma •CPR compressions
-
Patient care for fractured ribs
•cough and deep breathe •pain control •adequate ventilation
-
: caused by multiple rib fractures, as a result the affected park of the chest collapses with inhalation and bulges with exhalation
Flail chest
-
: diagnosed when a patient is unable to maintain normal ABG levels. Hypoventilation may cause respiratory acidosis
Acute Respiratory Failure
-
Acute respiratory failure can be caused by
•COPD •Aspiration •CNS disorder •Opioid over dose • •inhalation of toxic substances
-
Acute Respiratory failure is diagnosed when PaO2 falls below ___ or Paco2 is elevated above____
PaO2 below 60mm Hg. Paco2 above 50mm Hg.
-
If a blood culture show pneumonia virus is in the blood it means the patient is ____
Septic
-
Nurse should check ____ and ____ levels to monitor the condition of the patient with pneumonia
WBC and ABGs
-
: a group of disorders that has diverse causes but similar path,symptoms and treatment. (Pneumonia, trams, aspiration, sepsis, shock) eventually the alveoli will be damaged and pulmonary edema will occur
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
-
: identified by the type of cells that are effected; small cell, large cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma.
Lung cancer
-
____ causes 80-90% of lung cancers
Smoking
-
Complications of lung cancer
•pleural effusion •superior vena cava syndrome •ectopic hormone secretion •metastasis (usually spread by the time lung cancer is diagnosed)
-
Palliative surgery for lung cancer is usually given for ____, not to cure the disease
Comfort
-
: removing the whole lung
Pneumonectomy
-
: removing one lobe of the lung
Lobectomy
-
: (wedge) removing a small wedge or segmental of the lung
Resection
-
Any significant ___ ____ drop after lung surgery should be reported to MD( could indicate bleeding)
Blood pressure
-
What are some symptoms of bacterial pneumonia?
•fever •hemoptysis •shaking chills I
-
____ and ____ are two types of fungus that can cause pneumonia
Candida and Aspergillus
-
What percent of people infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis develop TB disease?
10%
-
When reading a purified protein derivative test, the nurse should check for ?
Induration
-
What are some nursing interventions for impaired gas exchange?
•administer O2 •administer morphine PRN •place patient in Fowler’s position
-
What are some restrictive disorders?
•pleuritis •pulmonary fibrosis •empyema •atelectasis •pleural effusion
-
____ disorders are those that limit the ability to expand lungs to inhale air.
Restrictive
-
What are some obstructive disorders?
•COPD •emphysema •chronic bronchitis •asthma *cystic fibrosis
-
: distraction of alveolar walls causing air trapping
Emphysema
-
____ disorder are air trapping and cause difficulty getting air out of the lungs for (exhalation)
Obstructive
-
A patient this being tested for lung cancer, what diagnostic test will be most conclusive?
Biopsy
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