A) arthrosis of the knee B) lumbar pain C) shoulder painful arc D) cardiomysostimulator E) scars
D) cardiomysostimulator
E) scars
"A" nerve fibres conduct:
A) slowly B) pain C) nociception D) proprioception E) quickly
D) proprioception
E) quickly
Primary effect means:
A) reaction under electrodes B) agens mobilisation in the skin, subcutis, muscles, nerves and blood ways in the whole body C) faraway rections (from the electrodes) D) skin, subcutis, muscles reaction under and around electrodes E) reactions during first 5 minutes
A) reaction under electrodes
Physical therapy:
A) use only arteficial means B) nfluate only skin and subcutis level of human body C) has specific effect D) doesn´t influate reactibility of all human body E) influate humoral and hormonal reactibility of human body
E) influate humoral and hormonal reactibility of human body
Leminiscal systém leads:
A) warm and cold informations B) proprioception only C) pain information D) informs about pressure, vibration and proprioception E) motoric informs
D. informs about pressure, vibration and proprioception
Ideal application of electrotherapy treatment for acute diagnosis is:
A) short time and lower intensity B) 3 times a week C) short time and higher intensity D) daily E) longer time and lower intensity
C) short time and higher intensity
D) daily
The most known theory about leading pain in the body is:
A) Shadow theory B) gate C) code´s D) Malzac and Wall theory E) endophin
B) gate
D) Malzac and Wall theory
Hyperemia may be:
A) with erythema after cold pressure B) with dark red colour of the skin C) with light red colour of the skin D) mechanical hyperamia has dark red colour
E) without changes of colour of the skin
B) with dark red colour of the skin
C) with light red colour of the skin
Small nerve fibres are important for:
A) quick leading B) proprioception leading C. temperature leading D) slow leading E) nociception leading
B) proprioception leading
C) temperature leading
E) nociception leading
Small nerve fibres are important for:
A) quick leading B) proprioception leading C) temperature leading D) slow leading E) nociception leading
B) proprioception leading
D) slow leading
E) nociception leading
The most useful threshold of intensity level is:
A) underalgic B) motoric C) overmotoric D) algic E) sensitive
E) sensitive
Conduction of pain is from the peripheria is done due to:
A) anterolateral system B) lemniscal system C) tractus trigemino-thalamo cortalis D) nociceptors E) proprioceptors
D) nociceptors
E) proprioceptors
Optimal frequency for using gate theory is:
A) 180 Hz B) 120 Hz C) 50 Hz D) 100 Hz E) 70 Hz
D) 100 Hz
Recommended time for using therapy with endorphin background:
A) 5 min B) 40 min C) 20 min D) 10 min E) 60 min
C) 20 min
Physiatrics, especially physical therapy is concentrated to:
A) therapy B) clinical coordination C) Prevention of diseases D) special therapeutic methods E) diagnostics
A) therapy
C) Prevention of diseases
D) special therapeutic methods
E) diagnostics
What does it mean “other effect”:
Other effect means the care about the patient. Solve the patient’s problem. Most patients just need to be communicated with – this effect is in a form of placebo.
Sensitive threshold of used intensity of current is used for:
A) Code’s theory B) Shadow theory C) Endorphin theory D) Malzac theory E) Gate theory
D) Malzac theory
E) Gate theory
How many nociceptors do you know:
A) 4 B) 3 C) 2 D) 1 E) 5
C) 2
Anterolateral spinothalamic tract leads:
A) Cold and warm B) emotions C) Everything without pain D) dizziness E) Tactile proprioception
A) Cold and warm
E) Tactile proprioception
Which neuro-transmitters do you know:
A) Serotonin B) Enkephalin C) Insulin D … E …
A) Serotonin
B) Enkephalin
Contraindication of galvanization may be:
Select one or more: A) failure sensitivity B) neuralgia, myalgia, radicular syndrom C) trophical disorders D) skin defects
A) failure sensitivity
D) skin defects
It's not possible to apply two of PT procedures in one session, especially if you will apply PT to different locality.
Select one:
True False
False
Choose anodic substances:
Select one or more: A) kalcium B) histamin C) mobilat D) jodidum E) ascorbic acid F) mesocain G) Kalium H) hyaluronidasis
A) kalcium
B) histamin
F) mesocain
G) Kalium
H) hyaluronidasis
Negative electrode for galvanotherapy must be:
Select one or more: A) Larger than anode electrode, approximatelly double the size than anode B) Smaller than anode electrode C) Larger than the positive electrode D) Larger one is anode
A) Larger than anode electrode, approximatelly double the size than anode
C) Larger than the positive electrode
Katelectrotonus leads to increased nerve excitability.
Select one:
True
False
True
Choose correct parameters for hydorgalvanisation:
Select one or more: A) 20 -60 minutes for application B) intensity no more than 30 mA per one chamber C) intensity no more than 20 mA per one chamber
A) 20 -60 minutes for application
C) intensity no more than 20 mA per one chamber
Acute state with hyperemia means "Patient is in pain, edema, light red color, higher temperature"
Select one:
True
False
True
Choose correct parameters for iontophoresis:
Select one or more: A) Maximum intensity of current for iontophoresis is 0,1 mA/cm2. B) Optimal time for application is 30sec, max 5 min. C) Optimal duration for application is 10 mind. D) Sensitive threshold for intensity is optimal.
A ) Maximum intensity of current for iontophoresis is 0,1 mA/cm2
B) Optimal time for application is 30sec, max 5 min
D) Sensitive threshold for intensity is optimal
Which approach or techniques are most appropriate for acute states of movement apparatus?:
Select one or more: A) cryotherapy, galvanization B) application of Scottish stream C) hot compresses D) ultrasound E) rest position, imobilisation, positioning
A) cryotherapy, galvanization
D) ultrasound
E) rest position, imobilisation, positioning
Anodic protective solutions are:
Select one or more: natrii hydoxidati aqua aqua destilata acidi hydrochlorici diluti natrii chlarati
A) natrii hydoxidati
C) aqua destilata
E) natrii chlarati
Longitudinal galvanisation means:
Select one or more: A) Descending galvanisation: distal localization of katode and proximall placing of anode B) Ascending galvanisation: distal localization of katode and proximal placing of anode C) Ascending galvanisation: proximal localization of katode and distal placing of anode D) Descending galvanisation: proximal localization of katodě and distal placing of anode
A) Descending galvanisation: distal localization of katode and proximall placing of anode
C) Ascending galvanisation: proximal localization of katode and distal placing of anode
Choose right therapeutic effect of galvanotherapy:
Select one or more:
A) Analgetic effect due to higher permeability and metabolism B) reduction of muscle spasticity by removal hypoxia C) Higher metabolism in applied locality D) Higher permeability in applied locality with better mobilisation of oedems, exudats E) increasing muscle tone due to the stimulation by the current
A) Analgetic effect due to higher permeability and metabolism
B) reduction of muscle spasticity by removal hypoxia
C) Higher metabolism in applied locality
D) Higher permeability in applied locality with better mobilisation of oedems, exudats
Active electrode is usually the bigger one (there is higher intensity of treatment current)
Select one:
True
False
False
Which type of electric current is used for galvanotherapy?
Choose the correct answer about Galvanotherapy. Which type of current frequency is used:
Select one or more:
A) middle frequency current B) low frequency current C) high frequency current
B) low frequency current
Application parametrs for iontophoresis are:
Select one or more: A) simillar to galvanotherapy B) used therapeutic solutions under electrodes C) There is polarization of tissue due the galvanisation effect D) there is no any tonisation of tissue
A) simillar to galvanotherapy
B) used therapeutic solutions under electrodes
C) There is polarization of tissue due the galvanisation effect
Anelectrotonus leads to:
Select one or more: A) Tonisation of tissue B) Lower nerve excitability C) Analgesia of tissue D) Higher nerve excitability
B) Lower nerve excitability
C) Analgesia of tissue
Indication for galvanization:
Select one or more: A) bleeding states B) changes of ligament tissue C) arthrotic diseases D) preganancy E) functional of blood disorder
B) changes of ligament tissue
C) arthrotic diseases
E) functional of blood disorder
Maximal current density for galvanotherapy may be:
Select one: A) 0,1 mA/cm2 B) 0,2 mA/cm2 C) 1,0 ma/cm2 D) 0,5 mA/cm2
A) 0,1 mA/cm2
We can divided currents according to shape:
Select one or more: A) sinusoidal B) rectangular C) sideward D) transregional E) longitudinal
A) sinusoidal
B) rectangular
C) sideward
Effect of LFC may be:
Select one or more: A) stimulative B) analgetic C) irritative D) theoretic E) manipulative
A) stimulative
B) analgetic
C) irritative
If you use current with 100 Hz, optimal sensitive threshold is motoric over threshold.
Select one:
True
False
False
Bernard currents are:
Select one or more: A) faradic current B) transcutaneus neurostimulation C) diadynamic current D) galvanic current E) Leduc current
C) diadynamic current
Monophase fix means:
Select one or more: A) sedative effect B) frequency 50 Hz C) frequency 100Hz D) irritation effect
B) frequency 50 Hz
D) irritation effect
Difase fix means:
Select one or more: A) Analgetic effect B) Frequency around 180 Hz C) Frequency around 50 Hz D) Frequency around 100 Hz
A) Analgetic effect
D) Frequency around 100 Hz
CP modulation of DD current means using Mf for 10 ms and DF for 10 ms.
Select one:
True
False
False
Lp modulation is used for:
Select one or more: A) with 80 Hz B) with 50 Hz C) irritation of tissue D) analgesia
D) analgesia
The most analgetic DD current is:
Select one: A) CP ISO B) LP C) CP D) DF E) MF
A) CP ISO
Choose the right answers:
Select one or more: A) DD currents must not be applied longer than 4 minutes. B) Recomended duration for DD current application is 15 min. C) It's recomended to use protective solutions if you apply DD longer than 12 min. D) Recommended time for application DD is max 6 min.
C) It's recomended to use protective solutions if you apply DD longer than 12 min.
D) Recommended time for application DD is max 6 min.
TENS is used as for stimulation as analgesia.
Select one:
True
False
True
TENS may be applied by :
Select one or more: A) with protective solution B) longer time than 60 minutes C) sticker electrode D) vacuum electrode
C) sticker electrode
TENS may be used as
Select one or more: A) TENS BURST B) HIGH VOLTAGE THERAPY C) stochastic TENS D) negative and positive TENS E) APL - TENS
A) TENS BURST
C) stochastic TENS
E) APL - TENS
Choose the right for continual TENS:
Select one or more: A) is used for irritative effect B) recomended application time is 6 minutes C) indication for pain of movement aparatus D) neural or transregional application E) the disadvantage for continual TENS using is adaptation of tissue
C) indication for pain of movement aparatus
E) the disadvantage for continual TENS using is adaptation of tissue
Stochastic TENS is used with over sensitive threshold of intensity.
Select one:
True
False
True
About TENS BURST:
Select one or more: A) works only on the endorphin theory background B) has the highest effect without adaptation of the tissue C) is indicated for most intensive pain D) recommended burst frequency is 150 Hz
B) has the highest effect without adaptation of the tissue
C) is indicated for most intensive pain
Choose the right answer for Trabert currents:
Select one or more: A) there si 2ms pulse and that's why it is not TENS B) optimal frequency of current is 120 Hz C) it's recommended to use in CC regime D) time duration for application is 45 minutes E) Ultrareiz is synonyms for Trabert
A) there si 2ms pulse and that's why it is not TENS
C) it's recommended to use in CC regime
E) Ultrareiz is synonyms for Trabert
Leduc current is used for analgesia based and gate effect.
Select one:
True
False
True
Faradic current is used for:
Select one or more: A) for analgesia B) may be used after nerv injury if the patient is Abel to moove C) for stabilization exercises D) for electrogymnastics
B) may be used after nerv injury if the patient is Abel to moove
D) for electrogymnastics
Why is usually used electrodiagnotics?
Select one or more: A) for muscel strenght examination B) for examination of portion of type and intensity of current for next therapy C) for optimal parameters for muscle regeneration D) for muscle nerv leading examination
B) for examination of portion of type and intensity of current for next therapy
D) for muscle nerv leading examination
For electrodiagnostics is used which type of impulses:
Select one or more: A) oblique B) sidewards as DD currents C) galvanic D) trangular F) rectangular
A) oblique
D) trangular
By which test is examined motoric denervation?:
Select one or more: A) by muscle strength test acc to Janda B) by Hoorveg-Weis curve C) By I/t curve D) by musce test acc to Kendal E) acc to neurologic examination, eg. EMG
B) by Hoorveg-Weis curve
C) By I/t curve
E) acc to neurologic examination, eg. EMG
Using implulsotherapy means that you irritate tissue by rectangular shape of current shorter than 10 ms.
Select one:
True
False
True
Implusotherapy means that you will irritate tissue by sidewards currents with longer impulse than 10 ms.
Select one:
True
False
True
Using rectangular shape of current is recommended for.
Select one or more: A) denervated muscles B) healty muscle, only week C) completely denervated muscles D) partially denervated muscle
B) healty muscle, only week
D) partially denervated muscle
Reobase is:
Select one or more: A) minimum intensity of time needed for contraction B) maximum intensity of current needed for muscle contraction C) the lowest current intensity in mA, needed to cause a contraction of the muscle D) maximum time intensity needed for contraction
C) the lowest current intensity in mA, needed to cause a contraction of the muscle
About chronaxia:
Select one: A) minimum time and intensity of current needed for contraction B) Maximum time for muscle contraction C) impulse duration in ms, which causes a contraction with current level double of respective reobase level D) minimum intensity of current needed for contraction
C) impulse duration in ms, which causes a contraction with current level double of respective reobase level
AQ means:
Select one or more:
A) the ratio of maximum intensity causing a contraction for both oblique and rectangular impulse with duration 1000 ms B) accommodation quotient C) the ratio of minimum time of current causing a contraction for both oblique and rectangular impulse D) the ratio of minimum intensity causing a contraction for both oblique and rectangular impulse with duration 1000 ms
B) accommodation quotient
AQ for healthy muscles is:
Select one or more: A) 8 B) 9 C) 2-6 D) 1
C) 2-6
Choose the correct sentence:
Select one or more: A) AQ pro neurotmesis is 6 B) AQ for denervated muscles is 1 C) AQ for vegetative dystonia is over 6 D) AQ for healthy muscles is 5-8
B) AQ for denervated muscles is 1
C) AQ for vegetative dystonia is over 6
Choose the correct sentence:
Select one or more: A) intact muscle fibres can adapt to such gradual growth in intensity B) Normal I'/t curve has 34 measurements. C) We measure healthy and denervated muscles by rectangular and triangular currents. D) Normal I/t curve has 20 measuremants E) Intact muscle fibres doesn't have the capacity of accommodation
A) intact muscle fibres can adapt to such gradual growth in intensity
C) We measure healthy and denervated muscles by rectangular and triangular currents.
Short form of I/c curve:
Select one or more: A) there are 20 measurements B) there is 6 measurements C) there is not possibility to find reobase and chronaxia from short form of I/t curve D) we used a semologarhmic charts for filling
B) there is 6 measurements
C) there is not possibility to find reobase and chronaxia from short form of I/t curve
D) we used a semologarhmic charts for filling
For electrostimulltion is used:
Select one or more: A) monopoly ball shaped electrode B) katode C) we apply CC regime D) anode
A) monopoly ball shaped electrode
B) katode
It is recommended to repeat control measurement by I/t curve each 2-3 weeks.
Select one:
True
False
True
Which currents are the best for electrostimulltion:
Select one or more: A) Neuofaradic current B) Fararadic current C) TENS traingular 50 Hz D) TENS 100Hz rectangular
A) Neuofaradic current
C) TENS traingular 50 Hz
For electrogymanstic is the best:
Select one or more: A) Neofaradic current B) Faradic current C) Leduc currrent D) Trabant current
B) Faradic current
Choose the correct sentence:
Select one or more: A) Iontophoresis is the most trophotrophic current. B) Farad is the most analgetic currents. C) DD currents are low frequency currents. D) Trabert is the most analgetic current. E) TENS are electrostimulltion type of currents
A) Iontophoresis is the most trophotrophic current.
C) DD currents are low frequency currents.
D) Trabert is the most analgetic current.
For analgetic currents application is the best use the desk or sticky or vacuum electrode.
Select one:
True
False
True
About tetrapolar application of MFC:
Select one or more: A) intenzity should be around 100Hz for analgetic effect B) Application should be trans regional C) duration should be form 20_45 min D) number of procedures should be 20 per 1 week E) Indication is optimal for sub chronic and chronic diseases
A) intenzity should be around 100Hz for analgetic effect
B) Application should be trans regional
E) Indication is optimal for sub chronic and chronic diseases
Kotz currents ar used for electrostimulation.
Select one:
True
False
False
Write short legend for application of bipolar MFC:
Application for Middle Frequency Currents:
Duration: 3 to 20 minutes
Frequency of procedure: daily in sub acute phase, 2-3 times/week in chronic phase
Number of procedures: 9-12 during 3 weeks
Intensity: 100Hz for analgesic on sensitive threshold and 50 Hz for antiedematic and hyperemic effect on or over the motorcycle threshold. Indication: subchronic and chronic states
Russian currents are used for muscle relaxation
Select one:
True
False
False
Choose the correct one about vector field:
Select one or more: A) it is similar to tetrapolar app, but here is only dipol app. B) the intenzity is used on the sensitive threshold C) it is contraindicated for chronic pain D) it's contraindicated for acute states
A) it is similar to tetrapolar app, but here is only dipol app.
D) it's contraindicated for acute states
Bipolar application of MFC:
Select one or more: A) there are two circuits of currents with different intensity of current B) depth of penetration is done by location of electrods C) has effect under the electrodes D) there is no sweep gradient
C) has effect under the electrodes
D) there is no sweep gradient
Distance electrotherapy use:
Select one or more: A) Busset currents B) stics electrodes C) use faradic prinicp D) electromagnetic fielde. E) desc elektrodes
A) Busset currents
C) use faradic prinicp
D) electromagnetic fielde.
About tetrapolar application of MFC:
Select one or more: A) Square alignment is important. B) tetrapolar appl. is recommended for acute problems C) set of electrodes create a three-dimensional flower effect when one looks at the electrical field D) tetrapolar app is more irritative than bipolar
A) Square alignment is important.
C) set of electrodes create a three-dimensional flower effect when one looks at the electrical field
Choose the correct sentences about middle frequency current:
Select one or more: A) MFC is used as monopolar application B) we can use them if the target tissue is max 6 cm under surface C) currative method based on interference of two circuit of currents D) they are not usable for acute situations
B) we can use them if the target tissue is max 6 cm under surface
C) currative method based on interference of two circuit of currents
Packing curve is important for identification of maximum current intensity.
Select one:
True
False
True
What does it mean "sweep".?
step from AMP from min to maximum
Optimal frequency for myorelaxation is 150-200 Hz.
Select one:
True
False
True
Isoplanar field:
Select one or more: A) is nearly the same as tetrapolar app.but there is no butterfly effect B) we can use them for acute conditions C) it's recommended use them 5x a day D) we cant we can't use it for acute conditions
A) is nearly the same as tetrapolar app.but there is no butterfly effect
B) we can use them for acute conditions
T.R.T. is:
Select one or more: A) target radiofrequency therapy B) radiotherapy which leads to muscle coactivation C) high frequency electromagnetic energy D) modern therapy used heat E) is diathermy
A) target radiofrequency therapy
C) high frequency electromagnetic energy
D) modern therapy used heat
Choose the right sentence about effect of diathermy:
Select one or more: A) Thermal effect of diathermy leads from active exercises, which patient do during procedures. B) Primary effect is general but also decrease joint stiffness. C) Vibration of molecules lead to heat generation. D) Main effect is decrease blood flow and increase of muscle activity. E) The main effect is dilatation of blood vessels, increase blood flow, increase metabolic rate ...
B) Primary effect is general but also decrease joint stiffness.
C) Vibration of molecules lead to heat generation.
E) The main effect is dilatation of blood vessels, increase blood flow, increase metabolic rate ...
Choose the right sentence about T.R.T. :
Select one or more: A) Static application is disabled. B) T.R.T. should be applied with static position without motion. C) T.R.T. should be combined with isometric exercises. D) Dynamic application is better than static application (better effect). E) T.R.T. should be combined with isotonic exercises
E) T.R.T. should be combined with isotonic exercises
C) T.R.T. should be combined with isometric exercises.
D) Dynamic application is better than static application (better effect).
E) T.R.T. should be combined with isotonic exercises
Choose the right answer:
Select one or more: A) Diathermy is used for muscle stimulation. B) Pulsed short wave diathermy produces the same magnitude and depth of muscle heating as 1Mhz of ultrasound. C) Diathermy is used for heat generation for heating body. D) Diathermy is application of low frequency current. E) Short wave diathermy may be continuous or pulsed.
B) Pulsed short wave diathermy produces the same magnitude and depth of muscle heating as 1Mhz of ultrasound.
C) Diathermy is used for heat generation for heating body.
E) Short wave diathermy may be continuous or pulsed.
Choose correct sentence:
Select one or more: A) Recommended time for magnetotherapy is 5 min and you have to use protective solutions. B) We can apply magnetotherapy over the clothing, plasters and so on... C) Pacient may have watches during application. D) magnetotherapy should be applied daily, minimum repetition is 10 applications
B) We can apply magnetotherapy over the clothing, plasters and so on...
D) magnetotherapy should be applied daily, minimum repetition is 10 applications
T.R.T. is new way of using heat in rehabilitation.
Select one:
True
False
True
Choose the right sentence about diathermy:
Select one or more: A) The recommended application time is 60 min. B) Short wave diathermy use capacitative and inductive electrodes. C) SAR is specific absorption rate represents the rate of energy absorbed per unit area of tissue mass D) We can use 6 degrees of dosage. E) Pulsed short wave diathermy is used especially for thermal effect.
B) Short wave diathermy use capacitative and inductive electrodes.
C) SAR is specific absorption rate represents the rate of energy absorbed per unit area of tissue mass
Unadvisible effect of magnetotherapy are:
Select one or more: A) back pain B) vommiting C) bleeding D) cefalea E) insomnia
D) cefalea
Increasing body temperature about 2-3°will decrease pain and muscle spasm.
Select one:
True
False
True
Write the way about non-thermal effect of diathermy, how is possible it's therapeutic effect?
Choose contraindications for diathermy:
Select one or more: A) chronic joint pain B) cardiac pacemakers C) pregnancy D) watches or jewelry E) intrauterine devices
B) cardiac pacemakers
C) pregnancy
D) watches or jewelry
E) intrauterine devices
Which indications are suitable for diathermy (short and micro wave):
Select one or more: A) increase collagen extensibility B) reducing subacute and chronic pain C) acute inflammation of joints D) myofascial trigger points E) improving joint range of motion
A) increase collagen extensibility
B) reducing subacute and chronic pain
D) myofascial trigger points
E) improving joint range of motion
Pragnant woman my be treated by magnetotherapy.
Select one:
True
False
True
Choose the right sentence about magntotherapy:
Select one or more: A) magnetotherapy decrease muscle pain B) magnetotherapy doesn't stimulate cells metabolism C) Magnetotherapy support hormonal production D) magnetotherapy increase oxygen income E) magnetotherapy help to hyperemia
C) Magnetotherapy support hormonal production
D) magnetotherapy increase oxygen income
E) magnetotherapy help to hyperemia
Choose correct sentence about magntotherapy:
Select one or more: A) Indication may be cephalea, menier syndrom, myopathy, paradonthosis, vertebral algid syndrome. B) Indication may be acute fracture with osteosynthésis. C) Indication ma be pain of patient with menstruation. D) Indication may be thorax pain of patient with cardiostimulator. E) Contraindication is hyperthyreosis
A) Indication may be cephalea, menier syndrom, myopathy, paradonthosis, vertebral algid syndrome.
E) Contraindication is hyperthyreosis
Choose the right sentence about effect, indication and contraindication of T.R.T:
Select one or more: A) TRT leads to increasing blood flow and perfusion of nutrition B) TRT may be used for pain relief. C) TRT may be used for acute problems (inflammation)of joints. D) recommended application time is between 10-60 min at all E) TRT may be used for edema reduction.
A) TRT leads to increasing blood flow and perfusion of nutrition
B) TRT may be used for pain relief.
D) recommended application time is between 10-60 min at all
E) TRT may be used for edema reduction.
T.R.T.use RF cream and 2+1 electrodes and application must be static because during motion patient is treatened by el.currrent.
Select one:
True
False
True
Magnetotherapy used different applicators:
Select one or more: A) Flat and segmental flat applicator B) Double desk applicator C) solenoid D) stick electrodee. E) vacuum electrodes
A) Flat and segmental flat applicator
B) Double desk applicator
C) solenoid
Choose the right:
Select one or more: A) We can different dept according spot of laser. B) We can choose the mode of emmison, such as TENS or DD. C) It is not possible to overdose laser during treatment. D) We can apply laser daily, according to chronicity and tissue. E) You needn't use laser glasses.
A) We can different dept according spot of laser.
C) It is not possible to overdose laser during treatment.
D) We can apply laser daily, according to chronicity and tissue.
Choose the right about low energy light as a biolamp:
Select one or more: A) there is exactly known mechanism of action B) Biolamp is used for joint athrosis. C) stimulates light sensitive intracelullar biomolecules D) Biolamp is recommended for therapy of ligaments. E) Biolamp light may penetrates app. 2,5 cm deeply.
C) stimulates light sensitive intracelullar biomolecules
E) Biolamp light may penetrates app. 2,5 cm deeply.
Choose the right answers about soft laser:
Select one or more: A) there is higher absorption in melanin B) there is analgetic effect, but it is not the most important of soft laser C) the most important effect of soft laser is biostimulation D) there is higher thermal effect E) there is increasing of ATP activity and decreasing of pH
A) there is higher absorption in melanin
B) there is analgetic effect, but it is not the most important of soft laser
C) the most important effect of soft laser is biostimulation
Ultraviolet radiation is used for (as): choose the right answer
Select one or more: A) Contraindication of UV is muscle weakness. B) UVA, UVB, UVC with wavelength 400 to 280 nm C) UV is indicated for anemie or neuritis D) UVA, UVB, UVC with wavelength 700-1064 nm E) for phyiologic effect such as increase of muscle activity
B) UVA, UVB, UVC with wavelength 400 to 280 nm
C) UV is indicated for anemie or neuritis
E) for phyiologic effect such as increase of muscle activity
About the laser therapy:
Select one or more: A) Only educated therapist can apply HILT. B) Patient need safety glasses but therapist needn't. C) each therapist can apply the HILT. D) You mustn't apply HILT for patient with warfarin. E) each room where the laser is applied must be marked by specific
A) Only educated therapist can apply HILT.
D) You mustn't apply HILT for patient with warfarin.
E) each room where the laser is applied must be marked by specific
What do you know about photomodulation:
Select one or more: A) the light must be absorbed in muscles for good activity of metabolism B) basic chromophore is in mitochondria C) photochemical effect must be earlier than the light will be absorbed D) Cytochrome C oxidasis is important for photomodulation E) the light must be absorbed even before may occur photochemical effect
B) basic chromophore is in mitochondria
D) Cytochrome C oxidasis is important for photomodulation
E) the light must be absorbed even before may occur photochemical effect
Sort the classes of laser according risk of eye damage. - lasers 400-700 nm, glasses are important - HILT, THEAL or MLS - lasers for cosmetics, max 4000 nm - III: class
1. lasers for cosmetics, max 4000 nm
2. lasers 400-700 nm, glasses are important
3. III: class
4. HILT, THEAL or MLS
Choose the right answer about HILT:
Select one or more: A) The wavelength recomended for HILT is between 400 - 1800 nm B) The best therapeutic wavelength for HILT is 1450 nm. C) Due the thermic effect, HILT has bactericide and fungicid effect. D) Most HILT wavelengths are absorbed in bone layer. E) HILT in pulsed mode is similar to the shock wave.
C) Due the thermic effect, HILT has bactericide and fungicid effect.
E) HILT in pulsed mode is similar to the shock wave.
Infrared radiation is used as (for):
Select one or more: A) solux is a case of ultraviolet radiation B) IR may be used for chronic musculoskeletal disorders or bronchitis C) there may be used red or blue filter D) IR A, IR B and IR C E) Heating effect
B) IR may be used for chronic musculoskeletal disorders or bronchitis
C) there may be used red or blue filter
D) IR A, IR B and IR C
E) Heating effect
About wavelengths:
rapid analgetic effect, control fo inflammation processes, deep activation of metabolic processes for all cellular activities
Absorbed mainly by melanin, promotes cell growth, treatment of various types of wounds, lesions and ulcers
mostly water absorbed, optimally affects thermo and mechanoreceptors, gate control activation
effect on the oxidative process of hemoglobin and thus accelerate the production of ATP, nerve regeneration
accelerated production of ATP , energy transport to muscles and tendons, rapid regeneration
Highly absorbed by hemoglobin and melanin.Antibacterial effect.
partially water absorbed and also cytochrome C oxidases and hemoglobin and melanin, acceleration of natural healing processes
highly water absorbed, transforms into heat, stimulation of cellurar microcirculation and oxygenation
Soft laser may be applied by scanner or laser shower.
Select one:
True
False
True
Choose the right chains about power of laser (5W or 15 W): 1. Multiwave laser 2. Low power laser 3. High power of laser
1. 15W
2. 5W
3. 15 W
Coherence of the light may mean that therapy may be more risk due the damage of tissue.
Select one:
True False
True
Recommended frequency for laser therapy for analgesia is 10 Hz and for antiedem 25 Hz.
Select one:
True
False
False
Choose the right characteristics for light therapy (biolamp, laser, ultraviolet, infrared):
A part of visible light may be changed to the light amplification of stimulated emission of radiation.
Select one:
True
False
True
For pulsed mode of HILT is recommended up and down motion during application.
Select one:
True
False
False
For phototherapy are used:
Select one or more: A) visible light B) carbohydrate light C) infrared radiation D) Moon light. E) ultraviolet radiation
A) visible light
C) infrared radiation
E) ultraviolet radiation
Choose the correct answer about indication and contraindication of LPL:
Select one or more: A) Indication: entesopathy B) Indication: muscle healing C) Contraindication: symphatic ganglions D) Indication: neurology disorders E) Contraindication: craniomandibular disorders F) Contraindication: first trimester of pregnancy
A) Indication: entesopathy
C) Contraindication: symphatic ganglions
D) Indication: neurology disorders
F) Contraindication: first trimester of pregnancy
About the LASER: (choose the right)
Select one or more: A) Therapeutic laser is only part of spectrum of electromagnetic radiation which is modulated. B) HILT is low power laser. C) We use low power laser for scars treatment. D) In physiotherapy is used cold and diode laser. E) Combined laser means that there is combination of wavelength.
A) Therapeutic laser is only part of spectrum of electromagnetic radiation which is modulated.
C) We use low power laser for scars treatment.
D) In physiotherapy is used cold and diode laser.
E) Combined laser means that there is combination of wavelength.
Choose the right devices for modern phystiotherapy:
Select one or more: A) Ultraraiz B) Biolamp C) SIS D) Combined therapy E) SWT F) magnetotherapy G) TRT H) HILT
C) SIS
E) SWT
G) TRT
H) HILT
Make chains between right links... about indication of first using (SWT, HILT): 1. Shoulder calcification 2. Low back pain 3. Burzitis of the shoulder
4. Plantar fasciitis 5. Jumper's knee 6. Tenis elbow
1. Shoulder calcification - SWT
2. Low back pain - HILT
3. Burzitis of the shoulder- HILT
4. Plantar fasciitis - HILT
5. Jumper's knee - SWT
6. Tenis elbow - SWT
Application of SWT is usually uncomfortable and usually painful, and it is normal and rights.
Select one:
True
False
False
What princip of therapy is used by SWT:?
Select one or more: A) resistive waves B) mechanical ultrasound waves C) Electroacustic discharge D) capacitative waves E) acustic noninvasive waves
C) Electroacustic discharge
E) acustic noninvasive waves
Thera Gun may use variable frequencies to 40 Hz.
Select one:
True
False
True
May be some side effect after shock waves using?
Select one or more: A) redness at the application site B) fatigue with imobility C) transient sensitivity reduction D) decreasing of range of motion
A) redness at the application site
C) transient sensitivity reduction
Choose the right links: (radial SWT, focused SWT) 1. tendinopathy 2. nondivergent waves 3. pneumatic princip of acustic waves 4. Trigger point of m. pirifomis 5. less intensity of waves than in the superficial layers. 6. superficial trigger points
1. tendinopathy - radial SWT
2. nondivergent waves - focused SWT
3. pneumatic princip of acustic waves - radial SWT
4. Trigger point of m. piriformis - focused SWT
5. less intensity of waves than in the superficial layers - radial SWT
6. superficial trigger points - radial SWT
Thera gun and radial shock wave are really very different according to effect of therapy.
Select one:
True False
False
Choose the correct one:
Select one or more: A) Using SWT, we want to break up calcifications in the supraspinate tendon. B) All calcifications are absorbed, not broken. C) Plantar fasciitis should be treated by radial shock wave. D) Elekctroacustical waves are typical for radial shock wave. E) Plantar fasciitis should be treated by focused shock wave.
B) All calcifications are absorbed, not broken.
C) Plantar fasciitis should be treated by radial shock wave.
Possible indications for SWT:
Select one or more: A) polyneuropathic pain of lower leg B) current inflammations C) Therapy of overloaded muscles the trigger points D) degenerative diseases
C) Therapy of overloaded muscles the trigger points
D) degenerative diseases
Energy of SWT leads to:
Select one or more: A) to move vertebral discs B) to grow osteofytes C) to mechanical stimulation D) to stimulation of cells
C) to mechanical stimulation
D) to stimulation of cells
The focused shock wave is comparable to TheraGun therapy.
Select one:
True
False
False
For acute diseases is recommended HILT.
Select one:
True False
True
Choose the recommended options for SWT application:
Select one or more: A) pressure: 0.5 - 4 Barr B) shock numbers: 8000 C) Number of shocks: 5000 Hz D) Pressure: 0,5 - 8 Bar E) frequency between 8-15 Hz F) Number of shocks: to 3000 Hzg. G) frequency between 15-25 Hz
A) pressure: 0.5 - 4 Barr
D) Pressure: 0,5 - 8 Bar
E) frequency between 8-15 Hz
F) Number of shocks: to 3000 Hzg.
Find the right sequence of therapy by acustic waves according the focusing to the target tissue: (go form the less focusing to the most focusing)
radial shock wave focusing shock wave Thera gun
1. Thera gun
2. radial shock wave
3. focusing shock wave
It is recommended to apply SWT daily, at all 5 times a week. Select one: True False
False
Choose the correct one:
Select one or more: A) We divide SWT to radial and focused. B) We divide SWT to resistive and capacitive. C) We can divide SWT to radial and capacitive. D) SWT is done on th electroacustic and pneumatic base.
A) We divide SWT to radial and focused.
D) SWT is done on th electroacustic and pneumatic base.
choose the correct answer:
Select one or more: A) the main effect of SWT is releasing of bones segments in degenerative segments of the body. B) The main effect of SWT is relaxation of soft tissue. C) Neovascualisation is not typical for effect of SWT. D) The main effect is increasing of collagen synthesis.
B) The main effect of SWT is relaxation of soft tissue.
D) The main effect is increasing of collagen synthesis.
The Thera gun may be used for:
Select one or more: A) for stimulation of denerved muscles B) degenerative diseases for soft tissue releasing C) for muscle energy techniques D) for muscle coordination
B) degenerative diseases for soft tissue releasing
C) for muscle energy techniques
Physiotherapy has
B) Specific and unspecific effect
Chose the right statement
A) general contraindication for PT is bed sensitivity in application part
Choose the right statement about hyperemia
A) cold hyperemia has a light red color
Primary effect of physical therapy is
A) influencing the skin under the electrodes
Nerve fibers are
A) large and quick
Chronic pain is
C) Longer than 3 months
Which is the correct answer for the duration of physical therapy
B) for acute state - short time and high intensity
Describe gate theory
Melzack and wall - gate theory
role - blocks impulses (pain messages)
Type of pain - Aβ, Aδ and C afferent fibers.
Frequency - optimal is 100Hz
Application - the electrode should not be larger than the painful area. The small electrode is placed on the painful area and the large (transregional) electrode is placed on jQuery112406318586659531178_1589197874926Application time - 5-10 minutes according to the frequency modulation
Information about proprioception is lead
C) by lemniscal and anterolateral system only
Lemniscal system leads
A) information about pressure
What is the optimal intensity current for galvanotherapy
B) 1,2 mA/for electrode of size 3x4 cm
What is the maximum intensity current for galvanic therapy?
C) 0,1 mA/
Mechanism effect of galvanotherapy jQuery112407124394096730522_1589263077483jQuery112403072033081962777_1589556379065
(a & c should be secondary effect and b should be primary effect there is no right answer)
a) Primary - and polarization of tissue
b) Secondary - agglomeration of products of electrolytic dissociation
c) Primary - changes of tissue resistance
Anode electrode is
A) arising of acid products under anode
Cathode electrode is
B) alkali products under the cathode
What is iontophoresis?
Iontophoresis is passing ions and treatment solution into the skin by electric current.ions are applied by one electrode with a sponge material. jQuery112407983954169780634_1589663451900The second electrode is indifferent electrode.???Effect - polarization and ionization to the tissue, reflection effect and effect from the solution.Duration: from 30 seconds to 5 minutes according to the area of placing the electrode.Intensity -when reached to the sensitive threshold or 0,1 miliampers m/A x Frequency - 2-3 x a week Number of procedures - 9 repetitions in 3 weeks Indications -???Contraindications - allergies from the applied substances example penicillium, procainum
Diadynamic current is?
B) sinusoidal
Diadynamic currents have
B) two parts - galvanic part and dosis
Choose the correct sentence about DD currents:
A) DD has two main parts - MF and DF currents
Choose the correct sentence about DD currents
C) MF has a frequency of 50Hz
Recommended time for application of DD is
A) 6min
CP - short periods have
C) 1ms of pulse and 1ms of pause
What is the frequency of trabert current
C) 143 Hz
Continual TENS has
A) effects in analgesia
Faradic current is
A) monophasic, rectangular pulse
Faradic current is used for
A) electro gymnastic
Neofaradic currents is
A) monophasic, triangular, pulse
Leduc current has
C) frequency 100Hz
Stochastic TENS may be used for
C) Myorelaxation with frequency 180Hz
What is accommodation quotient (AQ)
Accommodation quotient is electro diagnostics.
Reobase is the lowest current intensity in Milliampers, causes muscle contraction
Chronaxia - the impulse duration is in milliseconds, causes muscle contraction by double level of the reobase level
It causes muscle contraction on oblique impulse and rectangular impulse
(AQ) of 1 is completely denervated muscle
(AQ) - of 1 - 2 is partially denervated muscle
(AQ) - of 2 to 6 is a healthy muscle
(AQ)) of over 6 is a sign of vegetative system
Accommodation is when undamaged muscle can adapt to such gradual increase in intensity where as denervated muscles lose their ability for accommodation.
What is chronaxia?
Chronaxia - the impulse duration is in milliseconds, causes muscle contraction by double level of the reobase level
What is reobase?
Reobase is the lowest current intensity in Milliampers, causes muscle contraction
What AQ does a healthy muscle have?
A) 2
In which mode will you work during electro diagnostic?
C) CV (constant voltage)
Which currents are used for electro stimulation a) triangular b) rectangular c) oblique
b) rectangular
c) oblique
Which type of current can you use for electro stimulation?
B) Neofarad
Write everything you know about electro stimulation?
To determine the optimum parameters of impulses to stimulate denervated muscles. This stimulation is called electro stimulation (ES).
minimum intensity causing muscle contraction on oblique impulse and rectangular impulse with duration of 1000ms.
(AQ) of 1 is completely denervated muscle
(AQ) - of 1 - 2 is partially denervated muscle
(AQ) - of 2 to 6 is a healthy muscle
(AQ)) of over 6 is a sign of vegetative system
Accommodation is when undamaged muscle fibers can adapt to such gradual increase in intensity where as denervated muscle fibers cannot adapt so they lose their capability of accommodation.
Interferential current is?
two middle frequency current inside the tissue
?Choose the correct sentence..?
(FM) or (IFC) has anti adaptive effect inside the tissue
Classical interferential has
B) Butterfly flower effect inside the tissue
Choose the correct answer about interferential current:
B) the therapy is made by middle frequency current
Frequency modulation for IFC may be:
C) For chronic states 50-100Hz
Types of IFC
C) tetraplar application
Interferential Current (IFC)
Which is the analgesic effect for the Intensity of Interferential current
B) 5,000 - 5,100Hz
Write everything you know about Russian stimulation
Developed by Russian scientist Yadon M. Kots in Canada, USA
It is a middle frequency current.
Recommended frequency - 2,000-10,000Hz
Polyphasic wave form
Frequency modulation (FM) can be constant 50Hz or modulate from 30-60Hz
It is a pleasant stimulation, you do not feel pain.
Short wave diathermy is
B) Divided into 3 types of wavelengths
Diathermy is
A) application of mechanic energy
Microwave diathermy
A) has stronger electrical field and little magnetic field
Indications for diathermy therapy may be
C) joint contractures
SAR is
Specific Absorption Rate
Effect of magnetic field may be
A) Strengthening the immune system
General effects of magnet therapy?
a) spasmolytic effect
b) vasocinstriciton
c) inflammatory forcing
Effect of magnetic field may be:
A) stimulation of cell metabolism
What field is magnet therapy?
A) Electromagnetic field
Name 3 contraindications for magnet therapy?
- Cancer
- metal implants
- atherosclerosis
Name 3 indications of magnet therapy?
- fractures
- osteoarthritis
- atherosclerosis
Inadvisable effects of magnet therapy may be: (it does not make sense it should be rare effects)
B) insomnia, cephalea, neurotims
Choose the correct sentence about magnet therapy:
C) optimal time of repetition for magnet therapy is 10-15 repetitions
Choose the correct sentence about magnet therapy:
A) Optimal time for application is 5- 90 minutes
What is solenoid?
C) electromagnetic field
What is solenoid?
A) circle applicator for magnet therapy
What is Ultrasound?
mechanical waves which do not use any electrical current in the tissues during the therapy
Ultrasound is
C) therapy with mechanical waves
Therapeutic ultrasound is form of:
B) mechanotherapy
What is ERA?
Effective radiation area of the head / diameter of the head
Choose the correct sentences:
a) Smaller sound heads produce more divergent beam.
b) US generated at frequency of 1 MHz is more divergented than
US generated at frequency of 3 MHz.
c) 3MHz heads have three-times higher absorbtion ratio than 1 MHz heads.
d) 1MHz penetrates three times deeper than 3 MHz US.
ALL options A - D
What is duty cycle:
Percetage of the time that the Us is being generated (pulse duration) over one pulse period
duration of pulse (on time)/pulse period (on time off time) * 100
Choose the correct sentences:
a) Forms of US are continual and pulsed b) Forms of US are burst and surge. c) physiological effect of US thermal d) physiological effect of US nonthermal e) physiological effect of US is phonophoresis
a) Forms of US are continual and pulsed
c) physiological effect of US thermal
d) physiological effect of US nonthermal
e) physiological effect of US is phonophoresis
Choose the correct sentences:
a) We can apply ultrasound by head size 1 cm, with static or semistatic application mode, with direct contact. b) It is possible to apply continual type of US with intensity till 5W/cm. c) It is possible to apply pulsed US by 4 cm (medium) size of head, intensity till 1W/cm for chronic conditions. d) We can use US with 10cm (large) size of head, direct contact, dynamic application mode, continual type of US, intensity between 2-3 W/cm, 3x a week and 5 minutes of duration during one session.
a) We can apply ultrasound by head size 1 cm, with static or semistatic application mode, with direct contact.
c) It is possible to apply pulsed US by 4 cm (medium) size of head, intensity till 1W/cm for chronic conditions.
d) We can use US with 10cm (large) size of head, direct contact, dynamic application mode, continual type of US, intensity between 2-3 W/cm, 3x a week and 5 minutes of duration during one session.
Units of measurement of magnetic induction are:
A) T
Choose the correct sentences:
a) optimal duration for application magnetic therapeutic fied is 3 min b) optimal duration for application magnetic therapeutic fied from 5 till 90 min c) optimal frequency of magnetic field is till 10 Hz for inflamations d) optimal frequency of magnetic field is above 10 Hz for degerative diseases
b) optimal duration for application magnetic therapeutic fied from 5 till 90 min
c) optimal frequency of magnetic field is till 10 Hz for inflamations
d) optimal frequency of magnetic field is above 10 Hz for degerative diseases
Write minimally 6 curative effects of magnetic field
Choose correct contraindication of application magnetotherapy:
A) pregnancy, bleedy states, cancer, patients with cardiostimulators
Trabert´s current:
a) has a frequency 50 Hz b) has a frequency 143 Hz c) has early anagetic effect d) intensity of T. current must be under the sensitive threshold
b) has a frequency 143 Hz
c) has early anagetic effect
Difference between continual and stochastic TENS is:
a) in frequency b) in the effect c) in adaptation of tissue during using these currents d) in the intensity
a) in frequency
c) in adaptation of tissue during using these currents
What are the main advantages and disadvantages of TENS BURST?
Adv.: the highest analgetic effect without adaptation of human tissue
Disadav.: dicreasing pain of whatever etiology (hard clinical decision making)
Write main priciples of interferential currents:
interference of two middle frequency currents inside the tissue that create the differential
low frequency (0-100-200Hz) deeply into the tissue
Choose the correct sentences:
a) Classical inteferential currents (IFC) have tetrapolar application and deep effect. b) Amplitud modulated IFC have bipolar application and superfical effect c) IFC can be indicated for acute states d) Frequency modulation of IFC has antiadaptating effect.
a) Classical inteferential currents (IFC) have tetrapolar application and deep effect.
b) Amplitud modulated IFC have bipolar application and superfical effect
d) Frequency modulation of IFC has antiadaptating effect.
General contraindications of physical therapy are:
A) gravidity, scars, primar deposits of tuberculosis B) gravidity, muscle spasm, muscle pain, patiens with cardiostimuators C) patients with cardiostimuators, gravidity, scars, patients with respiral insufitiation D) fever states, cachexy, patiens with cardial insufutiation
A) gravidity, scars, primar deposits of tuberculosis
C) patients with cardiostimuators, gravidity, scars, patients with respiral insufitiation
D) fever states, cachexy, patiens with cardial insufutiation
Describe endorphin theory and gate effect:
Answers:
Maximal intensity of electric - galvanic current for galvanotherapy is:
D) 0,1 mA/cm2
Effect of katelectrotonus and anelectrotnus is:
Katelectrotonus: A. analgesia B. tonisation C. myorelaxation
Anelectrotonus: A. analgesia B. tonisation C. myorelaxation
Katelectrotonus:
B. tonisation
Anelectrotonus:
A. analgesia
What is hydrogalvanisation:
What is iontophoresis:
Bernad´s currents have:
B) two main components
Choose the correct links:
A. monophasé fixe MF
B. diphase fixe DF
A) Single wave rectification current with: frequency around 50 Hz, pulse duration 10 ms, pause duration 10 ms
B) Double wave rectification current with:
frequency around 100 Hz, pulse duration 10 ms, pulse duration 10 ms,
C) Effect: Stimulative, vibration
D) Effect: Analgetic, Quick adapation of tissue during 2 minutes (using before others types of currents)
E) Indication: Spastic pain
F) Indication: Spastic pain (for 10 – 15 s, intensity on or over the sensitive threshold)
A. monophasé fixe MF
A) Single wave rectification current with: frequency around 50 Hz, pulse duration 10 ms, pause duration 10 ms
C) Effect: Stimulative, vibration
E) Indication: Spastic pain
B. diphase fixe DF
B) Double wave rectification current with:
frequency around 100 Hz, pulse duration 10 ms, pulse duration 10 ms,
C) Effect: Stimulative, vibration
F) Indication: Spastic pain (for 10 – 15 s, intensity on or over the sensitive threshold)
CP - modulated current in short periods is characterised by:
A) 1s of MF and 1 s of DF
LP - modulated diadynamic current in long periods is characterised by:
C) 10 s of MF and 10 s of DF
TENS - is:
A) trascutaneus electro neuro stumulation B) low frequency current C) triangular shape of current D) is applied on the limit of possiblities of intensity
A) trascutaneus electro neuro stumulation
B) low frequency current
General contraindications of physical therapy are:
A) gravidity, scars, primar deposits of tuberculosis B) gravidity, muscle spasm, muscle pain, patiens with cardiostimuators C) patients with cardiostimuators, gravidity, scars, patients with respiral insufitiation D) fever states, cachexy, patiens with cardial insufutiation
A) gravidity, scars, primar deposits of tuberculosis
C) patients with cardiostimuators, gravidity, scars, patients with respiral insufitiation
D) fever states, cachexy, patiens with cardial insufutiation
describe katelelctronus ?
Under the katode, there is absorbtion of plus ions (taking ions off the tissue) and therefore negative load of nerve membrane decrease to –60mV. …polarisation of nerve mebrane decrease to –60mV thereby nerve excitability increase.
Higher nerve excitability
(lower threshold of excitabilty)
Effect:
Tonisation of tissue
what is the gate theory ?
Stimulation from ascending Ab afferents results in the blocking of impulses (pain messages) carreid along Ad and C afferent fibres
Ab fibres may be stimulated by touch (e.g.)
Usage of currents:
Optimal frequency is around 100Hz (modulated)
intensity: sensitive over-threshold
Application: transergionally in the problematic dermatoms (electrod shouldn´t be larger than painful area, usually the smaller one is in the painful are and the second one – larger, is transregionally)
Application time: 5-10 min, according frequency modulation
write basic characteristics of laser light ?
light amplification of stimulated emission of radiation.
Used in : Ophtalmology, dermatology, plastic surgery, dentistry, physiotherapy, genetics, bio-medicine research
According active material:
Solid - crystal laser
Gas laser - for example HeNe laser - low power laser
Liquid laser
Semiconductor or diode laser -low power laser
Chemical laser - high power laser -military use
According radiation power:
Low
Medium
High
According effect on the tissue:
Hemostatic laser
Hot laser
Cold laser
●Physiotherapy: low power, cold laser
write basic division of electro therapy according to frequency ?
