movement of alleles on one gene seperate independently from the movement of others
incomplete dominance
blend of 2 alleles
co-dominance
mix of both alleles, not blended
pleiotropism
expression of a gene alters a diff, unrelated aspect of pheno
plei"ot" as in oop- it affected smth else
polygenism
traits influenced by more than 1 gene
"poly" more than one "gen-" gene
penetrance
likelihood someone w genotype will exp. expected pheno.
likely hood of the genotype "penetrating" the pheno
epistasis
exp for alleles on one gene depends on exp of others on a diff gene
"stasis" like in metastasis is like movement of cancer cells to make 2ndary tumour that happen cus of primary tumour so epistasis as in act. of one depends on act. of another
recessive lethal alleles
can cause death to homozyg individuals
hardy-weinberg law
freq of allele in gene pool won't change if;
-no mutation
-no migration
-no natural selection
random mating
-no random drift (changes by chance)
prezygotic barriers
prevents 2 diff species from mating
-ecological
-mechanical (gametes dont fit)
-temporal
-behavioural (some have rituals that need to be performed)
-gametic (sperm cant fert egg)
postzygotic barriers
prevent cross zygote from growing or reproducing
-hyprid inviability: doesn't develop and dies in gestation
-hybrid sterility: born normally but doesn't have gametes to reproduce
-hybrid breakdown: 1st gen ok but 2nd gen biologically defective
convergent ev
species share many analogus structures cus of similar selective pressures
divergent ev
species become progressively diff
parallel ev
2 species go thru sim changes cus they face sim selection pressures