FLEAS PHE 02

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
The bites of some species can cause

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
Allergic responses also can result from contact with, or inhalation of, flea products (e.g., larval BLANK).

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
Bites are characterized by a BLANK, or purpura pulicosa, surrounded by slightly swollen skin called roseola pulicosa

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
Bites are characterized by a tiny purplish spot, or purpura pulicosa, surrounded by BLANK called roseola pulicosa

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
The vast majority of flea bites experienced by humans result from the BLANK flea

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
CAT FLEA unrelenting biter that generally attacks humans on the

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
CAT FLEA BLANK tend to be more commonly bitten than BLANK suggesting an attraction to BLANK

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
HUMAN FLEA P. simulans sometimes infests households and has been recorded to cause BLANK in humans in western North America.

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
FLEA ASSOCIATED ALLERGIES typically occurs in persons who have become hypersensitive to flea saliva.

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
FLEA ASSOCIATED ALLERGIES In sensitized in-dividuals, bite sites typically develop into P_, causing a form of papular urticaria often with associated wheals, especially in children

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
FLEA ASSOCIATED ALLERGIES In sensitized in-dividuals, bite sites typically develop into papules, causing a form of papular urticaria often with associated W_, especially in children

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
FLEA ASSOCIATED ALLERGIES In sensitized in-dividuals, bite sites typically develop into papules, causing a form of papular urticaria often with associated wheals, especially in BLANK

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
FLEA ASSOCIATED ALLERGIES In sensitized in-dividuals, bite sites typically develop into papules, causing a form of papular urticaria often with associated wheals, especially in C_

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
FLEA ASSOCIATED ALLERGIES With time and repeated exposure to flea bites, BLANK may reduce the severity of the dermatitis without medical intervention

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
FLEA ASSOCIATED ALLERGIES The administration of BLANK or desensitizing antigens can be helpful for some hypersensitive individuals.

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
FLEA ASSOCIATED ALLERGIES The administration of corticosteroids or BLANK BLANK can be helpful for some hypersensitive individuals.

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
FLEA ASSOCIATED ALLERGIES People can also become sensitized to FLEA FECES and particles of exoskeletons upon contacting or inhaling them in house dust.

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
FLEA ASSOCIATED ALLERGIES People can also become sensitized to flea feces and particles of EXOSKELETONS upon contacting or inhaling them in house dust.

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
FLEA ASSOCIATED ALLERGIES People can also become sensitized to flea feces and particles of exoskeletons upon contacting or inhaling them in BLANK BLANK.

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
is caused by infection with Yersinia pestis, a Gram-negative coccobacillus bacterium

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
PLAGUE The second pandemic, usually referred to as the BLANK, originated in central Asia in the 14th century and spread to Europe along developing trade routes between
these two continents.

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
PLAGUE In addition to bites from infected fleas, plague infections can result from direct contact with BLANK infected with Y. pestis, or rarely, from inanimate
objects harboring the pathogen.

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
PLAGUE the pathogen typically enters the body through BLANK. Inhalation infection also can occur from BLANK. pestis.

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
PLAGUE Two ecological forms of plague =

(1)

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
PLAGUE Two ecological forms of plague =

(2) wild-rodent plague maintained enzootically in several species of mainly rodents and their fleas in

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
PLAGUE Plague-infected BLANK have been found in some towns in the western United States.

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
PLAGUE The disease is often severe in BLANK, which can serve as a source of infected fleas to households.

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
PLAGUE Bites, scratches, or inhalation of infectious aerosols from infected BLANK also can disseminate Y. pestis.

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
PLAGUE Human plague cases acquired from domestic cats have

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
PLAGUE A susceptible flea becomes infected after imbibing plague BLANK in its blood meal from an infected host

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
PLAGUE The bacterium invades the flea BLANK where under suitable conditions, it multiplies rapidly, culminating in complete blockage of the
gut anterior to the proventricular spines

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
PLAGUE The bacterium invades the flea midgut where under suitable conditions, it multiplies rapidly, culminating in complete blockage of the
gut anterior to the proventricular BLANK

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
PLAGUE This proventricular blockage results from
C_ of the bacteria several days after ingestion

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
PLAGUE Although some gut blockages may clear spontaneously, persistent BLANK of the flea gut is
central to efficient transmission of Y. pestis

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
PLAGUE Blocked fleas are BLANK of ingesting a blood meal from a host.

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
PLAGUE Feeding attempts by BLANK fleas result in the
drawing of blood into the esophagus followed by
regurgitation of the blood meal into the host

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
PLAGUE Feeding attempts by blocked fleas result in the
BLANK OF BLANK into the esophagus followed by
regurgitation of the blood meal into the host

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
PLAGUE Feeding attempts by blocked fleas result in the
drawing of blood into the esophagus followed by
BLANK of the blood meal into the host

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
PLAGUE Infection results when plague WHAT are
regurgitated with the blood meal into the host.

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
PLAGUE Infection results when plague bacilli are
regurgitated with the WHAT WHAT into the host.

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
PLAGUE Fleas with gut blockages are
WHAT and make repeated, aggressive feeding attempts

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
PLAGUE Fleas with gut blockages are hungry and
make repeated, aggressive feeding attempts. This can
result in the infection of WHAT.....

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
PLAGUE Unless the gut blockage clears, the
infected flea succumbs to WHAT... itself becoming a victim of plague.

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
PLAGUE Although Y. pestis transmission by fleas is facilitated by
proventricular blockage, some fleas can transmit before or
without blockage formation in a process called

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
PLAGUE There are three recognized clinical forms of plague
infection:

WHAT
septicemic,
and pneumonic

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
PLAGUE There are three recognized clinical forms of plague
infection:

bubonic,
WHAT
and pneumonic

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
PLAGUE There are three recognized clinical forms of plague
infection:

bubonic,
septicemic,
and WHAT

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
The most form of plague is WHAT, which
usually results from the bites of infected fleas but
can be caused by handling infectious mammal carcasses

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
BUBONIC PLAGUE is characterized by grossly enlarged, tender, pe-
ripheral WHAT WHAT called buboes (singular, bubo)

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
BUBONIC PLAGUE swollen lymph nodes usually occur in the
WHAT OR WHAT region and are teeming with plague bacilli.

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
SEPTICEMIC PLAGUE the pathogen initially bypasses or
overwhelms the peripheral lymph nodes and invades WHAT...

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
SEPTICEMIC PLAGUE bloodstream is invaded rapidly by
bacteria and capillary walls start to leak, often turning the skin WHAT

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
SEPTICEMIC PLAGUE The absence of external buboes to aid diagnosis,
coupled with swift invasion of the blood, make this form of
plague especially severe; many patients succumb to fatal WHAT

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
The most life-threatening form of plague is

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
PNEUNOMIC PLAGUE patients have a WHAT infection of Y. pestis and
can cough or sneeze infectious, aerosolized bacteria into the environment

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
WHAT... can progress to pneumonic plague

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
PNEUMONIC PLAGUE some untreated patients

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
PNEUMONIC PLAGUE humans have contracted pneumonic plague after
inhaling aerosolized bacilli expelled by infected

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
caused by the rickettsial organism Rickettsia typhi (formerly Rickettsia mooseri)

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
one of the most prevalent rickettsial diseases of
humans, but it is underdiagnosed and its importance is
generally unappreciated

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
MURINE TYPHUS It usually is transmitted via infected

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
MURINE TYPHUS When the bite site of an infected flea is WHAT
rickettsiae from flea feces excreted next to the bite site gain access to
the host through abraded skin.

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
MURINE TYPHUS under experimental conditions, some fleas also can transmit this pathogen via

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
Tungiasis is the pathological condition resulting from
infestation by flea species WHAT

FLEAS PUBLIC HEALTH
TUNGIASIS Females of Tunga penetrans invade a
site between the