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Describe the thorax of an insect and its functions
The middle region of an insect body. Made up of three segments, to which legs and wings, if present, are attached. Segments are hard and frequently fused together to provide a firm base for wings/leg muscle attachment. Primitive insects like cockroaches have small slit like openings on either side of the thorax called spiracles, which are external openings to the respiratory system. A membranous neck region called the cervix allows freedom of movement of the head.
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Define bilateral symmetry
Both sides, left and right, are the same
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If an insect has a comb like antennae, it's called
Pectinate
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Describe the insect nervous system
A brain in the head, pairs of nerve centers in each body segment called ganglia. A nerve cord connects these nerves centers in the brain. The ganglia and the nerve cord are located on the bottom side of the insect's body. Nerve endings are concentrated in mouthparts, antennae, and tarsi.
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How does an insect's exoskeleton help produce such great strength relative to their size?
A combination of rigid and flexible materials in the exoskeleton permit very accurate joint movements, with minimal amounts of muscle mass and movement.
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Describe the respiratory system of insects
A series of tubes called tracheae which extends into the body cavity. These tracheae divide into smaller tubes called tracheoles, which carry oxygen directly to the tissues in the insect body. Tracheae open to the outside of the body through spiracles.
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Describe insect wings
Wings are an outgrowth of the body wall on the last two segments of the thorax. Most adult insects have two pair, but some have one or none. Most insect's wings consist of a thin membrane but on some insects, the front pair are leathery, thickened, or hard.
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Describe six functions of insect blood
- Absorbing food materials from digestive system and carrying them to body tissues.
- Picking up waste material and delivering it to the excretory organs to be discharged from the body.
- Small amounts of oxygen are dissolved and carried to body tissue, but this is not a primary function as in warm blooded animals.
- Heal wounds.
- Dispose of bacteria.
- Maintenance and change of internal body pressure.
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The three senses of an insect's antennae
- Touch
- smell
- hearing (in some cases)
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Describe sponging insect mouthparts and their function
The lower lip is elongated to form the outer covering of the soft beak containing salivary duct and food channel. The tip of the lower lip is enlarged into a sponging organ that has a series of grooves radiating from the center. When dipped into food source, liquid flows up these grooves until it reaches food channel. Food is sucked up food channel into esophagus.
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Define diluent in terms of pesticide formulation
Any liquid or solid material used to dilute or carry an active ingredient.
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Define emulsion as it pertains to pesticide formulation
A mixture in which one liquid is suspended as microscopic drops in another liquid, such as oil and water.
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Define propellant in terms of pesticide formulation
The chemicals, usually simple hydrocarbon gases, like propane, butane and isobutane, used to pressurize aerosol formulations.
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Define soluble ingredient in terms of pesticide formulation
An ingredient that will dissolve in a liquid, where the liquid is called a solvent.
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Defined spreader in terms of pesticide formulation
A chemical that increases the area a given volume or liquid will cover on a solid or in another liquid.
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Define sticker in terms of pesticide formulation
A material added to a pesticide to increase its adherence (especially to the foliage of plants).
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Define surfactant in terms of pesticide formulation
A chemical that increases the emulsifying, dispersing, spreading and wetting properties of a pesticide product.
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Define suspension in terms of pesticide formulation
Finely divided solid particles mixed in a liquid, often because of the addition of a suspending agent, and remaining suspended in the liquid for an extended period of time after shaking.
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Define wetting agent in terms of pesticide formulation
A chemical that causes a liquid to spread out, wet or contact surfaces more thoroughly.
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Name the five main steps in a pest management program.
- Inspection
- identification
- recommendation
- treatment/implementation of pest management
- evaluation (including corrective actions as needed)
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Describe six non-chemical measures that can be used near sensitive equipment such as computers.
- Eliminate all food presence within the facility.
- When external panels are removed to open the equipment for inspection, cockroaches can be vacuumed up directly.
- The use of sticky traps, glue boards or mechanical traps can also be effective.
- Some types of equipment can be enclosed in plastic bags and the air inside the bag replaced with carbon dioxide or nitrogen so the pests will be deprived of oxygen for two or three days and asphyxiated.
- Use caulking or other pest exclusion techniques whenever possible.
- The air handling system can be adjusted to create a positive air pressure within the facility causing a rush of air to exit the facility whenever a door is opened, preventing fly entry.
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What are some examples of food areas in food handling establishments?
This term includes areas for receiving, serving, storage, packaging, preparing, edible waste, storage and enclosed processing systems.
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