bio 380 final

These recreational alkaloids were introduced to Europe with European expansion.

Caffeine and theobromine alkaloids are structurally….

Drinks with stimulating alkaloids

What are the alkaloids in Cacao?

What are the alkaloids in coffee?

What are the alkaloids in Tea?

Blocks adenosine from attaching to receptors. Constricts blood vessels, speeds heartbeat, raises blood pressure, and stimulates locomotor activity. Also acts as a mild diuretic.

How much caffeine is in Coffee?

How much caffeine in tea?

How much caffeine in Cocoa?

How much caffeine in soft drinks?

How much caffeine in No-Doz?

How much caffeine in Vivarin 200mg?

How much caffeine in Excedrin?

How much caffeine in Midol?

How much caffeine in Aqua-Ban?

How much caffeine in weight-control aids?

What are the withdrawals from caffeine?

How did people originally get the caffeine out of the coffee plant?

What are coffee beans?

How are coffee beans processed?

What are the two ways the the fruit wall can be removed?

How is instant coffee made?

Decaffeination can be done by two way.

Extract with organic solvent like methylene chloride or ethyl actetate. Drive of solvent leaving behind commercial caffeine and decaffeinated coffee.

Extract with water saturated in all water-soluble compounds except caffeine. Does not produce marketable caffeine.

In Theobroma cacao, what is used?

Seeds are fermented and roasted. Originally mixed with pepper and vanilla. Gained popularity in Europe when mixed with sugar and cinnamon.

Human detoxify theobromine more rapidly than?

Dogs enzymes cannot break this down. Takes about 17 hours compared to our 2-3. Excessive urination, hyperactivity, heart arrhythmia, and seizures

What is the main plant used for tea?

What is harvested for tea?

This alkaloid is in tea and is used to treat asthma. It relaxes smooth muscles of bronchial airways and opens them.

This kind of tea: Leaf enzymes inactivated quickly. (Steamed, rolled, and dried)

This kind of tea: leaves withered, then rolled, then fermented, then enzymes inactivated.

Polyphenolic compounds that bind to complex proteins. Are in all the drinks we talked about but especially tea,

Tannins can…

A polyphenolic compound in green tea that may have anti-cancer properties.

Long-chain hydrocarbons with out oxygen, except at the carboxylic acid head.

Oils and acids contain?

Oils are?

Membrane are made of?

Oils with shorter fatty acids melt at?

Unsaturated fatty acids don’t pack as tightly. Therefor?

Triacylglyceride to which hydrogen has been added to remove double bonds. Solid at room temperature.

By-product of hydrogenation is?

Trans fats are linked to heart disease by?

These ate fatty-acids esters of long chain mono-hydroxy alcohols.

Plant cells that store oil store it in membrane-bound organelles called?

Storage oil oils usual found?

Some pools are found in mesocarps of fruit walls.

W use oils in foods and other products.

Oil treated with KOH or NaOH

Oil recovery?

How can you eliminate impurities in oil.

Elimination meth: mix with water to remove mucilaginous substances

Eliminating meth: cool & filter out crystallized particles

Eliminating meth: heat woth steam under vacuum

Eliminating meth: remove pigments with diatomaceous earth

Drying oils. Can polymerize to form a water-proof coating

Linseed oils and tuna oil used as?

This groves linseed oil.

Where I stung oil from?

Waxes are found where?

From the leaf surface of a palm tree.

Any mixture of organic compounds and water produced in laticifers.

Large polymers of isoprene with elastic properties.

Latex may contain.

Rubber in latex occurs as?

Rubber particles are surrounded by a film or membrane of?

Other bodies in latex.

Membrane-bound bodies, larger than rubber particles. Behave like vacuoles.

Bound by double membrane. Contain osmophillic granules and system of rope-like tubules contain carotenoids.

Latex occurs in… may be single cells or a series of connected cells.

Latex occurs in many species and tissues.

Over 2000 species of plants produce lasted with 1-4 cis-polyisoprene.

What was th pre-industrial use of elastic dried latex in central and South America.

Draw-backs to using native rubber.

Has dominated the natural rubber industry.

How do they get Hevea brasilienses to produce rubber

Hevea supplies from SE Asia were cut off during WWII. The emergency rubber project started. What were the solutions?

Where is the latex in the Guayule plant?

What are the five families of rubber?

Current uses of natural rubber?

Exudates that are not soluble in water, burn readily, are viscous liquids to solids.

Resins primarily contain?

The term gum has many different things. What is the technical term for gum?

Non-technical use of the term gum?

Resinous exudates from plants may be?

High in volatile terpenes essential oils?

A mixture of resin and gum.

A mixture of resin, essential oil and gum

Produced by secretory trichomes on surface or secretory cells lining ducts.

Cannabis resin produced by?

Functions of surface resins?

This plant has resins used for many medicinal purposes (asthma). Resins dominated by phenolic compounds.

Resins we use in large quantities tend to e from species with?

Resins from pine (pine pitch) occurs in?

Pitch tubes protect pines from?

Resin used to caulk wooden ships and..

A distillate from resin used in paint thinners

Residue left from distillate. Used in varnish and oil-based paints, also in music industry and baseball.

Turpentine and rosin can also be obtained…

Can also be obtained by steam distillation of wood chips.

Can be obtained by steam distillation of pine needles, twigs, and cones. Further distilled and fractionated to obtain pinene and other essential oils.

Nontechnical term for dark viscous liquid produced during the distillation of wood, coal, or peat.

Resin collect from tress and long been used for?

Resins today are mostly

Resins used as incense from small shrubby tress of the burseraceae from East Africa and Arabia

Fossilized resin

Involves poly,Erika Timon of the resins and volatilizations of the volatile monoterpenes in the resin. Anaerobic environment, heat and pressure.

Old resin. Less polymerized than amber and still contains some essential oils. Does react with alcohol and used for hard varnishes and perfumes

Complex carbohydrates that are hydrophilic and alter the behavior of water.

A large group of sugars, starches, celluloses, and gums that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in similar proportions.

What are carbohydrates made out of?

Three major types of hydrogels in plants.

Polymer of glucose

Polymer of galacturonic acid

Complex polymers of several sugars and their derivatives

Stored in granules in amyloplasts

Starch may attract water molecules so that water molecules?

How do we use starch?

Are hydrophilic complex carbohydrates of primary cell walls.

Pectins make up the middle lamella and in

Pectin is primarily used in

Usually contain several different monosaccharides and their derivatives. Contain acidic groups.

Various species, gums may be…

Lubricates the soil for growing roots and helps roots maintain contact with the soil.

Gum that is a wound response from astragalus gummifera

From the tree acacia Senegal.

There are no special secretory cells or canals that produce or carry?

Two commercially important seeds containing gums

Endosperm of seed ground up for gum. Mesocaro of fruit used as chocolate substitute

Succulent tissues frequently contain

Hydrogels may be deposited outside cells in

Many hydrogels we use actually come from

Hydrogels of algae

Hydrogels from brown algae

Hydrogels of algae from red algae

These compounds in the cell wall contribute to flexibility and toughness of algal cell walls, resist desiccation when exposed. Slough off epiphytes

Another brown algae and source of alginates found in California

Used in the medical profession for cervical dilation.

From Irish moss of the North Atlantic and other red algae of the phillipines

Source of agar

Is especially good at forming a stiff water-filled solid at low concentration.

The neutral galactose fraction of agar, yields high-quality gels for electrophoretic work.

That part of food that humans cannot absorb or digest.

A long narrow cell, dead at maturity, with a secondary cell wall, functions in support

Humans use fiber for:

Humans can get fibers from: animals, plants, and synthetic

Plant fibers may be

Epidermal hairs especially of seed coats. Generally assist in seed dispersal

Groups of fiber cells from the phloem region of stems – often poorly lignified

How is cotton used.

Types of cotton plants

Like cotton, used for stuffing instead of textiles. Hairs shorter, have thick cuticle. Water-proof and buoyant. From the ceiba tree of the tropics.

Bast pipers of Linux are low in

From Dutch means to rot: pond dew and chemical

After retting

beating and scraping. Separates long fibers from short fibers and other materials.

Removes other material and aligns long fibers. Done with a comb

Bast fibers from corchorus capsularis. Tree from India. Used in burlap and gunny sacking.

Bast fibers from cannabis

Tapa or kappa cloth. Cloth from paper mulberry

Monocots have scattered vascular bundles in the stem and parallel veins in the leaf.

Some monocots that we use for fibers.

Vascular bundles from cornet mesocarp.

Products of secondary growth

Primary growth is produced by

Is produced by lateral meristems (cambia). Results in radial growth. Increase in girth or diameter. Does not occur in all plants

This produces the radial growth.

There are two types of lateral registers in plants

Produces 2o phloem to the outside and 2o xyle to the inside.

Produces cork cells to the outside and phelloderm to the inside.

Secondary xylem

Wood contains

Fibers tracheids and vessels have thick secondary cell walls 3 layers impregnated with

Still functions in conducting water in a tree.

Wood is used for

What is veneer used for?

What are the three composite wood materials?

Sheets of veneer glued together

Chips of wood glued together

Wood fibers glued together

Wood pulp is used to make

Is made from cellulose. Regenerated cellulose fiber

The very first plastic. Cellulose combined with camphor

Still used today. Produced like rayon, but extruded through a slit to produce a sheet.

Is produced by the cork cambium. Protection from fire, water loss, and other things.

Where gas exchange through the cork is needed what are produced?

Cork oak , Quercus suber,, Bark can be stripped every?

Science that studies the relation to plant productivity. Underlying the management of brazing lands. Plant production of range lands supports animal production. The animals are used by the humans includes factors affecting the productivity and composition of the plant community.

Tends to dominate land use in marginal land.

Where plant productivity is too low to support a sedentary herd, people, tend to be…

The bureau of Land Management was created to sell off federal land. What is left today is land no one wanted…

Was created to provide a continuous flow of water and timber for the nation’s benefit. It is under the department of agriculture.

Was created to conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and the wildlife therein and to provide for the enjoyment for the same in such manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired…. In the department of the interior

Large concentrations of animals tend to

Overgrazing can reduce the

These plants must tolerate tissue loss and recover readily. Must have: protected activatable buds, carbohydrate stores reallocation response and compensatory photosynthesis

Tend to dominate many grazing systems

Grasses have many features that make them tolerant of grazing and fire.

Many monocots have what kind of meristems

The ability of a leaf to regrow depends on

Desirable characteristics for a forage species.

The Venice or art of cultivation plants especially for ornamental use

Plants used for aesthetic and….

What kind of plants do we use.

Lawns became popular in England in the

Over half of all plant invasions in the US have been by

General approaches to increasing productivity.

Cross-link when dry. Very stiff dry skins. Is susceptible to hydrolysis when wet

Inhibits cohesion of adjacent collagen fibers. Makes protein less soluble and susceptible to hydrolysis.

Tanning against

Tannins from plants bind protein. They displace bound water from the protein and take up many of the exposed….

Tannins are found in many organs of many plants especially in…

Tannins are still important in leather processing today. Unlike vegetable dyes, which have largely been replaced by…

What are two most notable vegetable dyes

From the mucous gland of whelks. Exploited by the phoenicians

From scale insects on opuntia. Exploited by the Aztecs

Plants have compounds whose primary function is as a

The color of the dye we obtain doesn’t necessarily reflect a color found in the plant. What can effect the color?

Common intuitive color dyes

Common counterintuitive color dyes

Dyes may require a _______ to stick to fibers

What are the dye types

Dyes that are water soluble and attach to fiber readily.

Dyes that require a mordant to attach to fiber

Dyes that are insoluble. Require bacterial or chemical action to become soluble. Fixes permanently to fabric. When dried and oxidized.

Plant dyes of historical interest.

Yielded a yellow dye. A direct dye that required n mordant. Dyed the robes of Irish kings.

Leaves yield a deep blue dye. One of the last plant dyes to disappear from use.

Leaves yield a blue dye. Used for dying textiles. Picts painted their bodies blue before battle.

Roots yielded the red of the British red coats

White walnut. Yielded the gray of the uniforms of the confederate army.

Haematoxylum is still used today as a stain in….