-
These recreational alkaloids were introduced to Europe with European expansion.
Caffeine and Theobromine
-
Caffeine and theobromine alkaloids are structurally….
Related
-
Drinks with stimulating alkaloids
Cocoa, coffee, and tea
-
What are the alkaloids in Cacao?
Caffeine and theobromine
-
What are the alkaloids in coffee?
Caffeine
-
What are the alkaloids in Tea?
Caffeine and theophylline
-
Blocks adenosine from attaching to receptors. Constricts blood vessels, speeds heartbeat, raises blood pressure, and stimulates locomotor activity. Also acts as a mild diuretic.
Caffeine
-
How much caffeine is in Coffee?
146mg/c
-
How much caffeine in tea?
50 mg/c
-
How much caffeine in Cocoa?
35mg/c
-
How much caffeine in soft drinks?
34-52mg/can
-
How much caffeine in No-Doz?
200mg
-
How much caffeine in Vivarin 200mg?
200mg
-
How much caffeine in Excedrin?
132mg
-
How much caffeine in Midol?
120mg
-
How much caffeine in Aqua-Ban?
200mg
-
How much caffeine in weight-control aids?
200-800mg/day
-
What are the withdrawals from caffeine?
Severe headaches caused by dilated blood vessels.
-
How did people originally get the caffeine out of the coffee plant?
Chewed leaves and fruits
-
What are coffee beans?
Seeds
-
How are coffee beans processed?
Fruit wall removed, seeds then fermented and roasted.
-
What are the two ways the the fruit wall can be removed?
Dry or wet.
-
How is instant coffee made?
Brewed and then dried
-
Decaffeination can be done by two way.
Solvent extraction and water extraction
-
Extract with organic solvent like methylene chloride or ethyl actetate. Drive of solvent leaving behind commercial caffeine and decaffeinated coffee.
-
Extract with water saturated in all water-soluble compounds except caffeine. Does not produce marketable caffeine.
Water extraction
-
In Theobroma cacao, what is used?
Seeds are used. They are high in fat.
-
Seeds are fermented and roasted. Originally mixed with pepper and vanilla. Gained popularity in Europe when mixed with sugar and cinnamon.
Cocoa processing
-
Human detoxify theobromine more rapidly than?
Dogs
-
Dogs enzymes cannot break this down. Takes about 17 hours compared to our 2-3. Excessive urination, hyperactivity, heart arrhythmia, and seizures
Theobromine
-
What is the main plant used for tea?
Camellia sinensis
-
What is harvested for tea?
Young leaves and shoot tips
-
This alkaloid is in tea and is used to treat asthma. It relaxes smooth muscles of bronchial airways and opens them.
Theophylline
-
This kind of tea: Leaf enzymes inactivated quickly. (Steamed, rolled, and dried)
Green tea
-
This kind of tea: leaves withered, then rolled, then fermented, then enzymes inactivated.
Black tea
-
Polyphenolic compounds that bind to complex proteins. Are in all the drinks we talked about but especially tea,
Tannins
-
Tannins can…
Bind metals, act as an anti-oxidant, bind to alkaloids
-
A polyphenolic compound in green tea that may have anti-cancer properties.
Epigallo-cathechin 3-Gallate. EGCG
-
Long-chain hydrocarbons with out oxygen, except at the carboxylic acid head.
Fatty acids
-
Oils and acids contain?
Fatty acids
-
Oils are?
Triacylglycerides
-
Membrane are made of?
Phospholipids very similar to oil
-
Oils with shorter fatty acids melt at?
Lower temperature
-
Unsaturated fatty acids don’t pack as tightly. Therefor?
More fluid and lower melting points.
-
Triacylglyceride to which hydrogen has been added to remove double bonds. Solid at room temperature.
Hydrogenated oil.
-
By-product of hydrogenation is?
Trans-fatty acids. Hydrogenated oil exposed to high heat
-
Trans fats are linked to heart disease by?
Raising LDL (bad) and lowering HDL (good)
-
These ate fatty-acids esters of long chain mono-hydroxy alcohols.
Waxes
-
Plant cells that store oil store it in membrane-bound organelles called?
Spherosomes, oleosomes, oil bodies.
-
Storage oil oils usual found?
In seeds
-
Some pools are found in mesocarps of fruit walls.
Palms olives
-
W use oils in foods and other products.
Castor oil laxative and soap
-
Oil treated with KOH or NaOH
Soap
-
Oil recovery?
Cold pressing or solvent extraction
-
How can you eliminate impurities in oil.
Degumming. Winterizing, deodorize, bleach
-
Elimination meth: mix with water to remove mucilaginous substances
Degumming
-
Eliminating meth: cool & filter out crystallized particles
Winterizing
-
Eliminating meth: heat woth steam under vacuum
Deodorize
-
Eliminating meth: remove pigments with diatomaceous earth
Bleach
-
Drying oils. Can polymerize to form a water-proof coating
Polyunsaturated oil.
-
Linseed oils and tuna oil used as?
Polishes, components of varnish and enamels, in paint, linoleum
-
This groves linseed oil.
Linux usitatissimum
-
Where I stung oil from?
Aleurites fordii from china
-
Waxes are found where?
In the cuticles of plants
-
From the leaf surface of a palm tree.
Carnuba wax
-
Any mixture of organic compounds and water produced in laticifers.
Latex
-
Large polymers of isoprene with elastic properties.
Rubber
-
Latex may contain.
Long chain terpenoids compounds, proteins, alkaloids, phenol is, resins, sugars, etc
-
Rubber in latex occurs as?
Suspended particles (emulsion
-
Rubber particles are surrounded by a film or membrane of?
Glycolipids and phosphoproteins
-
Other bodies in latex.
Lutoids and Frey-wyssling complexes.
-
Membrane-bound bodies, larger than rubber particles. Behave like vacuoles.
Lutoids
-
Bound by double membrane. Contain osmophillic granules and system of rope-like tubules contain carotenoids.
Frey-Wyssling
-
Latex occurs in… may be single cells or a series of connected cells.
Laticifers
-
Latex occurs in many species and tissues.
Opium poppy members of the Euphorbiaceae, milkweeds, the moraceae,
-
Over 2000 species of plants produce lasted with 1-4 cis-polyisoprene.
Rubber
-
What was th pre-industrial use of elastic dried latex in central and South America.
Aztecs used it for balls and figures. Amazon Indians used them on their feet to waterproof.
-
Draw-backs to using native rubber.
- It becomes brittle in cold weather and gooey in hot weather.
- Who invented vulcanization.
- Charles Goodyear.
-
Has dominated the natural rubber industry.
Hevea brasiliensis
-
How do they get Hevea brasilienses to produce rubber
Layers of laticifers in phloem. Tapping doesn’t damage the cambium
-
Hevea supplies from SE Asia were cut off during WWII. The emergency rubber project started. What were the solutions?
32000 acres of Guayule planted and synthetic rubber from petroleum was developed.
-
Where is the latex in the Guayule plant?
Laticifers cells scattered throughout the parenchyma in stem, leave and root.
-
What are the five families of rubber?
Euphorbiacea, Saportacceae, Moraceae, and Apocynaceae.
-
Current uses of natural rubber?
Tires for heavy vehicles and medical industry.
-
Exudates that are not soluble in water, burn readily, are viscous liquids to solids.
Resins
-
Resins primarily contain?
Diterpene and triterpenes and some phenolic substances.
-
The term gum has many different things. What is the technical term for gum?
Complex carbohydrates soluble in water.
-
Non-technical use of the term gum?
Anything sticky and resins in trade are called gums
-
Resinous exudates from plants may be?
High in volatile terpenes, a mixture of resin and gum, and a mixture of resin essential oil and gum.
-
High in volatile terpenes essential oils?
Oleoresins
-
A mixture of resin and gum.
Gum-resins
-
A mixture of resin, essential oil and gum
Oleo-gum-resins
-
Produced by secretory trichomes on surface or secretory cells lining ducts.
Resins
-
Cannabis resin produced by?
Glandular trichomes
-
Functions of surface resins?
Defense, water-proofing, protection from UV?
-
This plant has resins used for many medicinal purposes (asthma). Resins dominated by phenolic compounds.
Eriodictyon Yerba santa
-
Resins we use in large quantities tend to e from species with?
Resin ducts or canals. Defensive function of these resins is more clear.
-
Resins from pine (pine pitch) occurs in?
Resin canals throughout the plant
-
Pitch tubes protect pines from?
Bark beetles.
-
Resin used to caulk wooden ships and..
Preserve rigging
-
A distillate from resin used in paint thinners
Turpentine
-
Residue left from distillate. Used in varnish and oil-based paints, also in music industry and baseball.
Rosin
-
Turpentine and rosin can also be obtained…
As a by-product of the pulping process for paper manufacturers.
-
Can also be obtained by steam distillation of wood chips.
Turpentine
-
Can be obtained by steam distillation of pine needles, twigs, and cones. Further distilled and fractionated to obtain pinene and other essential oils.
Pine oil
-
Nontechnical term for dark viscous liquid produced during the distillation of wood, coal, or peat.
Tar
-
Resin collect from tress and long been used for?
Varnishes and lacquer
-
Resins today are mostly
Synthetic resins
-
Resins used as incense from small shrubby tress of the burseraceae from East Africa and Arabia
Frankincense and myrrh
-
-
Involves poly,Erika Timon of the resins and volatilizations of the volatile monoterpenes in the resin. Anaerobic environment, heat and pressure.
Fossilization of Amber
-
Old resin. Less polymerized than amber and still contains some essential oils. Does react with alcohol and used for hard varnishes and perfumes
Copal
-
Complex carbohydrates that are hydrophilic and alter the behavior of water.
Hydrogels
-
A large group of sugars, starches, celluloses, and gums that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in similar proportions.
Carbohydrate
-
What are carbohydrates made out of?
Monosaccharides and their derivatives
-
Three major types of hydrogels in plants.
Starch, Pectin, and gums.
-
Polymer of glucose
Starch
-
Polymer of galacturonic acid
Pectin
-
Complex polymers of several sugars and their derivatives
Gums
-
Stored in granules in amyloplasts
Starch
-
Starch may attract water molecules so that water molecules?
Do not move freely
-
How do we use starch?
Nutrition, thicken food, stiffen clothes, sizing paper, adhesive.
-
Are hydrophilic complex carbohydrates of primary cell walls.
Pectins
-
Pectins make up the middle lamella and in
Primary cell walls
-
Pectin is primarily used in
Jams and Jellies
-
Usually contain several different monosaccharides and their derivatives. Contain acidic groups.
Gums
-
Various species, gums may be…
Wound response, sources of seed energy, keep seeds moist, provide extra cellular water
-
Lubricates the soil for growing roots and helps roots maintain contact with the soil.
Mucigel
-
Gum that is a wound response from astragalus gummifera
Gum tragacanth
-
From the tree acacia Senegal.
Gum Arabic
-
There are no special secretory cells or canals that produce or carry?
Exuded gum
-
Two commercially important seeds containing gums
Guar gum and locust bean gun/carob gum
-
Endosperm of seed ground up for gum. Mesocaro of fruit used as chocolate substitute
Locust bean gum or carob gum
-
Succulent tissues frequently contain
Mucopolysaccharides
-
Hydrogels may be deposited outside cells in
Succulents
-
Many hydrogels we use actually come from
Algae
-
Hydrogels of algae
Phycocolloids
-
Hydrogels from brown algae
Alginates
-
Hydrogels of algae from red algae
Agar and carrageenan
-
These compounds in the cell wall contribute to flexibility and toughness of algal cell walls, resist desiccation when exposed. Slough off epiphytes
Hydrogels
-
Another brown algae and source of alginates found in California
Laminaria CA seaweed
-
Used in the medical profession for cervical dilation.
Laminaria
-
From Irish moss of the North Atlantic and other red algae of the phillipines
Carrageenin
-
Source of agar
Gelidium and others
-
Is especially good at forming a stiff water-filled solid at low concentration.
Agar
-
The neutral galactose fraction of agar, yields high-quality gels for electrophoretic work.
Agarose
-
That part of food that humans cannot absorb or digest.
Dietary fiber
-
A long narrow cell, dead at maturity, with a secondary cell wall, functions in support
Botanically fiber
-
Humans use fiber for:
Textiles, cordage, brushes, stuffing
-
Humans can get fibers from: animals, plants, and synthetic
-
Plant fibers may be
Surface fibers bast fibers or entire vascular bundles of monocots
-
Epidermal hairs especially of seed coats. Generally assist in seed dispersal
Surface fibers
-
Groups of fiber cells from the phloem region of stems – often poorly lignified
Bast fibers
-
How is cotton used.
Textiles, cotton bond paper, absorbent stuffing.
-
Types of cotton plants
- Diploids short lint, tetraploid long lint, and new world tetraploids aka Egyptian cotton.
- Invented by Eli Whitney 1793. Used to separate the hairs from the cotton seeds.
- Cotton gin
-
Like cotton, used for stuffing instead of textiles. Hairs shorter, have thick cuticle. Water-proof and buoyant. From the ceiba tree of the tropics.
Kapok
-
Bast pipers of Linux are low in
Lignin
-
From Dutch means to rot: pond dew and chemical
Retting
-
After retting
scutching and heckling
-
beating and scraping. Separates long fibers from short fibers and other materials.
Scutching
-
Removes other material and aligns long fibers. Done with a comb
Heckling
-
Bast fibers from corchorus capsularis. Tree from India. Used in burlap and gunny sacking.
Jute
-
Bast fibers from cannabis
Hemp
-
Tapa or kappa cloth. Cloth from paper mulberry
Bark cloths
-
Monocots have scattered vascular bundles in the stem and parallel veins in the leaf.
Leaf and stem fibers
-
Some monocots that we use for fibers.
Yucca whipped and brevifolia, Sisal,abaca, palms,
-
Vascular bundles from cornet mesocarp.
Coir
-
Products of secondary growth
Wood and cork
-
Primary growth is produced by
Apical meristems
-
Is produced by lateral meristems (cambia). Results in radial growth. Increase in girth or diameter. Does not occur in all plants
-
This produces the radial growth.
Cambium
-
There are two types of lateral registers in plants
Vascular cambium and cork cambium
-
Produces 2o phloem to the outside and 2o xyle to the inside.
Vascula cambium
-
Produces cork cells to the outside and phelloderm to the inside.
Cork cambium
-
-
Wood contains
Fibers tracheids s and or vessels
-
Fibers tracheids and vessels have thick secondary cell walls 3 layers impregnated with
Lignin (strong and decay resistant)
-
Still functions in conducting water in a tree.
Sapwood
-
Wood is used for
Lumber pulp and fuel
-
What is veneer used for?
Plywood and furniture
-
What are the three composite wood materials?
Plywood, particleboard, and fiberboard
-
Sheets of veneer glued together
Plywood
-
Chips of wood glued together
Particleboard
-
Wood fibers glued together
Fiberboard
-
Wood pulp is used to make
Paper
-
Is made from cellulose. Regenerated cellulose fiber
Rayon
-
The very first plastic. Cellulose combined with camphor
Celluloid
-
Still used today. Produced like rayon, but extruded through a slit to produce a sheet.
Cellophane
-
Is produced by the cork cambium. Protection from fire, water loss, and other things.
Cork
-
Where gas exchange through the cork is needed what are produced?
Lenticels
-
Cork oak , Quercus suber,, Bark can be stripped every?
10 years
-
Science that studies the relation to plant productivity. Underlying the management of brazing lands. Plant production of range lands supports animal production. The animals are used by the humans includes factors affecting the productivity and composition of the plant community.
Range science
-
Tends to dominate land use in marginal land.
Grazing
-
Where plant productivity is too low to support a sedentary herd, people, tend to be…
Nomadic
-
The bureau of Land Management was created to sell off federal land. What is left today is land no one wanted…
Marginal land.
-
Was created to provide a continuous flow of water and timber for the nation’s benefit. It is under the department of agriculture.
Forest service
-
Was created to conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and the wildlife therein and to provide for the enjoyment for the same in such manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired…. In the department of the interior
Park service
-
Large concentrations of animals tend to
Damage their environment
-
Overgrazing can reduce the
Productivity of rangeland
-
These plants must tolerate tissue loss and recover readily. Must have: protected activatable buds, carbohydrate stores reallocation response and compensatory photosynthesis
Plants that support animal production
-
Tend to dominate many grazing systems
Grasses
-
Grasses have many features that make them tolerant of grazing and fire.
Apical meristems near the ground and stems near the ground
-
Many monocots have what kind of meristems
Intercalary meristems
-
The ability of a leaf to regrow depends on
Where its cut
-
Desirable characteristics for a forage species.
Tolerance of tissue loss, high productivity, persistence and high palatability
-
The Venice or art of cultivation plants especially for ornamental use
Horticulture
-
Plants used for aesthetic and….
Shade, erosion control, wind breaks, and making lives more comfortable as well.
-
What kind of plants do we use.
Nursery trees and shrubs for shade and privacy, windbreaks, florist crops, bedding plants, ground cover.
-
Lawns became popular in England in the
Late 18th century
-
Over half of all plant invasions in the US have been by
Horticultural plants
-
General approaches to increasing productivity.
Plant preceding and genetic engineering, losses to plant pests low, minimize loss of fertility of soil.
-
Cross-link when dry. Very stiff dry skins. Is susceptible to hydrolysis when wet
Collagen fibers in skins
-
Inhibits cohesion of adjacent collagen fibers. Makes protein less soluble and susceptible to hydrolysis.
Tanning leather
-
Tanning against
Tannins mineral tans and aldehydes
-
Tannins from plants bind protein. They displace bound water from the protein and take up many of the exposed….
Hydrogen binding sites
-
Tannins are found in many organs of many plants especially in…
Bark and heartwood and perennial plants
-
Tannins are still important in leather processing today. Unlike vegetable dyes, which have largely been replaced by…
Synthetic dyes
-
What are two most notable vegetable dyes
Tyrian purple and cochineal red.
-
From the mucous gland of whelks. Exploited by the phoenicians
Tyrian purple (royal purple)
-
From scale insects on opuntia. Exploited by the Aztecs
- Cochineal red
- Henna is used today as
- Non-permanent hair and body dye
-
Plants have compounds whose primary function is as a
Pigment
-
The color of the dye we obtain doesn’t necessarily reflect a color found in the plant. What can effect the color?
PH, oxidation, other broken down plant parts
-
Common intuitive color dyes
Turmeric, yellow onion, black walnut
-
Common counterintuitive color dyes
Red Cabbage, Lilac
-
Dyes may require a _______ to stick to fibers
Mordant
-
What are the dye types
Direct dyes, mordant dyes, and vat dyes
-
Dyes that are water soluble and attach to fiber readily.
Direct dyes
-
Dyes that require a mordant to attach to fiber
Mordant dyes
-
Dyes that are insoluble. Require bacterial or chemical action to become soluble. Fixes permanently to fabric. When dried and oxidized.
Vat dyes
-
Plant dyes of historical interest.
Saffron, Indigo, Woad, Madder, and Butternut
-
Yielded a yellow dye. A direct dye that required n mordant. Dyed the robes of Irish kings.
Saffron
-
Leaves yield a deep blue dye. One of the last plant dyes to disappear from use.
Indigofera tinctoria
-
Leaves yield a blue dye. Used for dying textiles. Picts painted their bodies blue before battle.
Satisfied tinctoria (woad)
-
Roots yielded the red of the British red coats
Madder Rubin tinctorum
-
White walnut. Yielded the gray of the uniforms of the confederate army.
Butternut (Juglans cinerea)
-
Haematoxylum is still used today as a stain in….
Microscopy
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