Part 19 (Chapter 22) Introduction to Urban and Industrial Integrated Pest Management

Good fumigation stewardship depends on crew members dedicated to [a] for themselves, their crew members, site employees, and neighbors.

Post-harvest fumigations are conducted to protect a [a] commodity once it has been [b], and can be subdivided into [c] and [d] fumigations.

[a], or hydrogen phosphide, is an effective and widely used fumigant, primarily for stored commodity fumigation.

The [a] stage is the most difficult to kill using phosphine and sulfuryl fluoride, whereas the [b] stage is generally more tolerant than other stages to methyl bromide.

To ensure security during a fumigation, [a] are required in some states or localities for round-the-clock surveillance.

Chloropicrin is commonly used as a [a] agent for odorless fumigants.

Infrared (IR) analyzers have the benefit of [a] response, [b] readings, [c] of accuracy, a relatively wide concentration measurement range, and a [d]interference from CO2.

Boiling point is the temperature at which a fumigant changes from a [a] to [b].

Both insect and vertebrate pests have a [a] for ventilation of carbon dioxide out of their bodies and intake of oxygen.

Fumigants kill a wide range of pests in treated areas, but no protective [a] is left behind when the fumigation is completed.

Examples of fumigants include

a.)permethrin

b.)sulfuryl fluoride

c.)methyl bromide

d.)methyl hydrofluron

Temperature is an important factor influencing the toxicity of fumigants because

a.)gases are more active at lower temperatures and reach the target pest more rapidly

b.)gases are more active at higher temperatures

c.)temperature is not an important factor

d.)insects are more active at higher temperatures and are controlled at lower doses

Fumigants

a.)can effectively control wood-destroying insects

b.)are very toxic

c.)are Restricted Use Pesticides

d.)penetrate cracks and crevices, pores in wood, and the commodity being treated

Quarantine fumigation treatment schedules

a.)describe the maximum fumigant concentration to be measured at intervals during the exposure period

b.)are developed by the regulatory authorities

c.)ensured a sufficient concentration of the fumigant has been maintained for the prescribed period

d.)is based on the temperature to control the target pest(s)

Methyl bromide

a.)is colorless and odorless

b.)can break down into hydrobromic acid, a very corrosive compound

c.)reacts chemically with certain materials and foods

d.)is effective only against a limited number of pests

Sulfuryl fluoride

a.)can be used where heat sources are present (turned on)

b.)reacts with many compounds, therefore is difficult to aerate

c.)has a low boiling point, so a heat exchanger is not needed to convert it to a gas

d.)is colorless and odorless

A fumiscope

a.)can monitor sulfuryl flouride fumigations

b.)can monitor phosphine fumigations

c.)involves the use of an electric current

d.)analyzes thermal conductivity

Halogen leak detectors

a.)of the TIF brand measure the difference in electrical potential

b.)indicate the presence of methyl bromide or sulfuryl fluoride

c.)detect gases containing halogens

d.)can be used as clearance devices

Chamber fumigation

a.)is the least effective method of fumigation because gases escape quickly

b.)can be carried out in portable chambers

c.)involves the use of vaults or small rooms specifically constructed to confine the fumigant

d.)generally holds the gas very well

A self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA)

a.)can be fitted with tanks that supply up to 60 minutes of air

b.)maintains a slightly positive pressure of air inside the face piece, helping prevent contaminated air from seeping in

c.)supplies a clean supply of air from a self-contained tank carried on the wearer's back

d.)is equipped with filters that clean the air from the surrounding atmosphere

The slow diffusion of fumigant from materials; the reverse of sorption

Temperature at which a fumigant changes from a liquid to a gas

Active ingredient in Vikane TM

CT value necessary to kill a specified percent of a pest population

The act of introducing a toxic chemical into an enclosed space in such a manner that it quickly disperses in the gas phase to reach the target organism

The time required to lose half the concentration of gas during the fumigation

There are three (3) important phases in a specific fumigation job: pre-fumigation, actual fumigation, and postfumigation. List six (6) steps the professional fumigator should take during the post-fumigation phase.

Modified atmospheres is the process of modifying the interstitial air space so that the atmosphere is lethal to the target insects. List two (2) benefits and two (2) drawbacks of this method.

List three general methods used to confine fumigants discussed in this chapter. Which method is the most effective in containing gases?