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Organic and Inorganic Compounds
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Organic
compounds composed of molecules that contain carbon.
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Inorganic
compounds that do not contain carbon and hydrogen.
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Water
- all living organisms require water to live
- More than 50% of an adults weight is water
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Oxygen and carbon dioxide -
related to cellular respiration
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Electrolytes - (Acids, Bases, and Salts)
Substances that break up in solution to form charged particles called ions.
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Four of the Most Important Groups
- Carbohydrates – (sugars and starches)
- contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
- primary source of chemical energy for every cell
- serve a structure role in DNA and RNA
- (cell reproduction and protein synthesis)
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Divided into 3 classes by the length of their carbon chains
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Monosaccharides
simple sugars
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Disaccharides
double sugars
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Polysaccharides
complex sugars
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Simple sugars
Short carbon chain
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6 carbon sugars
Hexose
- example – glucose (blood sugar)
- Low blood sugar, not enough glucose
- Sugar water in IV – D5W (Dextrose) is glucose
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Double sugars (carbohydrates composed of 2 simple sugars that bond together through a reaction that involves the removal of water)
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Examples: sucrose (table sugar) maltose, and lactose
Each consists of two monosaccharides linked together.
- C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 = C12H24O12
- glucose glucose
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C12 H22 O11
Lose water – H2O
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Dehydration Synthesis
2 smaller molecules to make a bigger one and H2O molecule taken out to form the bond
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Polysaccharides
- Complex sugars
- Consist of many monosaccharides, chemically joined to form chains.
- Again, water is removed as the subunits are joined.
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polymer
Larger molecules made up of identical smaller molecules .
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Polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides.
- Main polysaccharide in the body – glycogen..made in liver.
- Sometimes too big to absorb….need to break bond…..put water back in…..called hydrolysis.
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2. Proteins
building blocks 10,000 different proteins in the body
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All proteins have 4 elements
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen
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Are the most abundant of the carbon containing (organic) compounds in the body
- Pro – 1st ranked – very important to the body
- They are giant – therefore, called macromolecules.
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Functions of Proteins
- Structural
- ►form the structure of cells, tissues,
- and organs.
- ►unique shapes and compositions
- flexible strands
- elastic strands
- waterproof layers
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This allows proteins to form the many different building blocks of the body.
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Functional
- chemists
- Unique shape allows it to fit with chemicals and cause changes in the molecules. (chemical reactions)
- Transports substances in blood
- Communicate information to cells
- Act as receptors
- Defend body against harmful agents
- Provide energy
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Building Blocks of Proteins
AMINO ACIDS
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Elements that make up a protein molecule are bonded together to form chemical units called amino acids.
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Each protein has 20 amino acids. 8 of the 20 are essential amino acids….cannot be produced by the body; need to be included in your diet. The other 12 are produced by the body – nonessential amino acids.
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3. LIPIDS
- water insoluble organic biomolecules
- They do not dissolve in water because they are non-polar (no charged region).
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Composed of these element
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
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Used for energy and protection of vital organs (used as “fat pads”).
Can also insulate nerves, thus preventing “short circuits.”
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Triglycerides (fats)
the body’s most concentrated source of energy
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Phospholipids
similar to triglycerides except they are water soluble…important to the cell membrane
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Steroids
ex. cholesterol, which is found in the plasma membrane surrounding a cell. Helps to stabilize cellular structure.
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Prostaglandins
called tissue hormones…..associated with prostate tissue…..also can influence blood pressure, enhances the body’s immune system, role in blood clotting and respiration.
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4. Nucleic Acids, nucleotides, and Related Molecules
Thousands and thousands of nucleotides make up a nucleic acid.
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2 most famous Nucleic Acids
- DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid
- RNA – ribonucleic acid
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