High yield of All subjects

• •Oxygen dependent killing is largely mediated through reactive oxygen intermediates.
• ▪Superoxide anion (O2)
• ▪Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
• ▪Hydroxyl radical (OH)
• ▪Hypochlorite (HOCl)

•The generation of reactive oxygen intermediates is due to Rapid activation of NADPH oxidase.

•Catalase , Superoxide dismutase and Glutathione peroxidase are all Radical scavenging enzymes that prevent Oxygen mediated injury.

• Alkaline diuresis : [@ PSC LIMB]
• •Salicylates
• •Barbiturates (long acting)
• •Chlorpropamide
• •Methotrexate
• •Primidone
• •Lithium & Isoniazid (Controversial)

• Acid Diuresis : [@ Q PAS]
• •Amphetamine
• •Quinine
• •Phencyclidine
• •Strytchnine

Osteomalacia

• Also known as
• ▪Milkman's fracture
• ▪Pseudofracture
• ▪Looser's zone
• ▪Osteoid seams

C3, C4, C5

• Increased in
• ▪Wrong gestational age
• ▪Open neural tube defects and anencephaly
• ▪Multiple pregnancy
• ▪Anterior abdominal wall and renal anomalies
• ▪Fetal bladder tumors

• Decreased in
• ▪Downs syndrome
• ▪Gestational Tropoblastic disease

• •Grey matter degenerative disease : Alzheimer's disease
• •Etiology for temporal lobe epilepsy : Gangliogliomas
• •Causative agent causing Acute pyogenic Meningitis in adults : S. Pneumoniae
• •Causative agent causing Neonatal pyogenic Meningitis : E.Coli

• Acids : β-aminoproprionitrile *
• Alpha adrenergics : Phentolamine *
• Amantins : Benzyl penicillin *
• Arsenic : Dimercaprol , Unithiol *
• Beryllium : Aurintricarboxylic acid, Sodium salicylate
• Beta adrenergics : Propanolol
• Beta blockers : Glucagon , Isoprenaline
• Botulism : Guanidine *
• CO : Hyperbaric oxygen , Tocopherol
• Central anticholinergics : Physostigmine
• Chloroquine : Diazepam
• Cholinergic agents : Atropine
• Copper : Penicillamine , Trientine *
• Couramin derivatives : Vitamin K
• Cyanide : Amyl nitrate , Dicobaltedetate , Hydroxocobalamine , Sodium nitrate , Sodium thiosulphate. *
• Cyanide , CO , H2S : Oxygen
• Digitalis : Digoxin specific antibody fragments
• Ergotism : Sodium nitroprusside *
• Iron , Aluminum* : Desferrioxamine
• Lead , mercury : Succimer *
• Mercury : N-Acetyl penicillamine * , BAL
• Methanol , Ethylene alcohol : Ethanol , 4-methylpyrazole *
• Organic peroxides : Ascorbic acid *
• OP : Oximes
• Oxalates , Fluorides : Calcium salts
• PCM : N-Acetyl cysteine , Methionine*
• Peripheral anticholinergics : Neostigmine
• Radioactive metals : Pentetic acid *
• Thallium : Potassium hexacyanoferrate *
• Methyl alcohol : Ethanol / Fomepizole
• Ethylene glycol : Fomepizole
• Belladona poisoining : Physostigmine

• Agent causing naive valve IE : S. Aureus
• Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism : Klinefelter's syndrome
• Chronic Hypercalcemia : 1° hyperthyroidism
• Respiratory hypoxia : V-P mismatch
• Histologic response to hepatotoxic stimuli : Fatty liver
• Hypocalcemia : Impaired PTH or Vit D production
• Pattern of IBD : Constipating alternating with diarrhoea.
• Glycolytic defects a/w exercise intolerance : Mc Ardle's or Myophosphorylase deficiency
• Predisposing condition for subdural empyema : Sinusitis
• Indicaton for liver transplantation : 1° sclerosing cholangitis
• Clinical sign of renal disease in lupus nephritis : Proteinuria
• Cause of sensory gangliopathies : Sjogrens syndrome , Paraneoplastic disease
• Hereditary neuropathy : Charcot marie tooth disease
• Extraarticular manifestation of Ankylosing spondylitis : Acute anterior uveitis
• Form of peripheral neuropathy a/w HIV : Distal symmetric Polyneuropathy
• Cranial mononeuropathies : 7th > 3rd > 6th CN
• Peripheral neuropathy in developing countries : Leprosy
• Indication for surgery in Ankylosing spondylitis : Severe hip joint arthritis
• Cause of renal failure in septic shock : ATN
• Lytic lesions in MM : Vertebra > Ribs > Skull
• Site of COA : Distal to origin of SCA
• Cause of nephrotic range proteinuria : membranous nephropathy / DM
• Feature of aortitis in CXR : Calcification of Ascending aorta
• Blood transfusion reaction : Febrile non hemolytic reaction.
• Location of brain abscess in Cyanotic heart disease : Frontal > Parietal
• CNS tumour a/w NF-1 : Optic nerve glioma
• Symptom of alcohol withdrawl : Hangover
• Sign of alcohol withdrawl : Tremor
• Sequelae d/t Periventricular leukomalacia : Spastic diplegia
• Cause of acute RVF : Acute Cor-Pulmonale / PE
• Cause of Renal artery stenosis in children in india : Takayasu arteritis
• Cause of Renal artery stenosis in children in west : Fibromuscular dysplasia
• Cause of Renal artery stenosis in older patients : Atherosclerosis
• Affected organ in amyloidosis : Kidney > Heart
• Form of localized amyloidosis : Aα amyloidosis
• Form of xeroderma pigmentation : Absence of UV specific endonuclease
• Renal lesion in leprosy : Membranous Glomerulonephritis
• Pathological findings in nephrogenic DM : Diffuse glomerulosclerosis
• Non epidemic meningoencephalitis in immunocompetent individuals in US : Herpes Encephalitis
• Subcortical degenerative disease : Parkinsonism
• Presenting symptom of Osler weber Rendu syndrome : Hemoptysis
• Mycotic Pneumonia in AIDS patient : Cryptococcus
• Organism causing pyogenic meningitis in infants & children : N. Meningitis
• Motor neuron disease : ALS
• Oppourtinistic infection in AIDS : Toxoplasmosis
• Lysosomal storage disease : Gaucher's disease
• Manifestation of asbestosis exposure : Pleural plaques
• Asbestos related pleural disease : Pleural effusion
• Systemic vasculitis in adults : GCA
• Hereditary hypercoagulable condition : Factor V leiden
• Hereditary leukodystrophy : Metachromatic leukodystrophy
• Fluid collection seen in transplant patients : Lymphoceles
• Form of AS : Valvular
• Form of HOCM : Asymmetric involvement of interventricular septum.
• Cerebral mass lesion in AIDS : Toxoplasmosis
• Chest radiograph finding in Acute Pulmonary embolism : Atelectasis
• Collagen disorder for a pleural effusion : SLE
• Organism causing acute pyogenic Meningitis in adults : S. Pneumoniae
• Organism causing acute pyogenic Meningitis in neonates : E. Coli
• Etiology of chronic temporal lobe epilepsy : Gangliogliomas
• Diffuse grey matter degenerative disease : Alzheimer's disease
• Cardiac manifestation of SLE : Pericarditis (Not Libman sack's endocarditis)
• Aortic branch involved in Takayasu arteritis : Left subclavian artery
• Acute Complication of hemodialysis : Hypotension
• Abnormality in ECG in PE : Sinus tachycardia (Not S1Q2T3 pattern)
• Cause of acute hepatitis : Hepatitis E
• Congenital bleeding disorder : Von Willebrand disease
• Cause of death in Marfan syndrome : Dilatation of aortic root
• Causative agent of endocarditis following placement of permanent pacemaker : S. Aureus
• Cause of TR : Dilatation of Rt. Ventricle
• Cause of CAP : Pneumococcus
• Death in diptheria : Toxic cardiomyopathy
• Death in measles : Pneumonia
• Cause of sudden death in Sarcoidosis : Arrythmia
• Type of RCC : Clear cell Ca
• Site of metastasis in RCC : Lungs
• Cause of poststernotomy osteomyelitis : S. Aureus
• Cause of death in Menke's disease : Cardiac rupture
• Arrythmia in ICU patients : AF
• Arrythmia in pts with cardiac arrest : VF
• Arrythmia in COPD : Multifocal atrial tachycardia
• Sustained Arrythmia : AF
• Benign rhythm : Atrial premature contraction
• Mechanism of arrythmia : Reentry
• Associated Arrhythmia with alcohol binge in alcoholic : Atrial fibrillation > Atrial flutter > Ventricular premature contraction.
• Cause of pleural effusion in AIDS patients : Kaposi sarcoma
• Type of pitutary adenoma : Prolactinoma
• Gene mutation in beta Thalassemia : Intron 1 inversion
• Foodborne outbreaks worldwide : S. Aureus
• Cause of Cystitis : E. Coli

• Necrotising fascitis : Clindamycin + Vancomycin + Gentamycin
• Acne : Clindamycin
• Acute HCV infection : Ribavirin + INF-α
• Acute meningococcal pyogenic Meningitis : CP G
• Acyclovir resistant herpes : Foscarnet
• Anthrax : Ciprofloxacin
• Antifungal prophylaxis : Fluconazole
• Asymptomatic intestinal amoebicides : Diloxanide furoate
• Brucellosis : Rifampicin + Doxycycline
• CAP with cardiopulmonary infections : FQ / beta lactams + Macrolides / doxy
• Chagas disease : Nifurtimox
• Chlamydal infection in pregnancy : Erythromycin
• Chloroquine resistant F.malaria : Quinine
• Chloroquine resistant F.malaria in pregnancy : Quinine
• Chronic HBV : Lamivudine + INF alpha
• Chronic HBV (newer drugs) : Entacavir
• Cryptococcal Meningitis : Amphotericin B
• Early african sleeping sickness : Suramin
• Enterobacter , Klebsiella , Actinobacter : Carbapenem
• Exo-erythrocytic stage of malaria : Primaquine
• Gut sterilization in Hepatic Encephalopathy : Neomycin
• Herpes labialis : Docosanol
• Hydatidosis : Albendazole
• Invasive aspergillosis : Voriconazole
• Late African sleeping sickness : Melarsoprol
• Malaria in pregnancy : Chloroquine
• Melioidosis : Ceftazidime
• Papilloma virus : Cidofovir
• Pleurodesis in malignant effusion : Doxycycline
• Pulmonary MDR-TB : Bedaquiline
• Radical cure of P.vivax malaria : Primaquine
• Relapsing fever : Doxy
• Superficial mycosis : Ketoconazole
• Surgical prophylaxis : Cefazolin
• Systemic mycosis : Itraconazole
• Topical keratoconjunctivitis by HSV : Idoxuridine
• Topical treatment of impetigo : Retapamulin
• Toxoplasmosis in pregnancy : Spiramycin
• Tularemia : Streptomycin
• Prophylaxis of Meningococcal meningitis : Rifampicin
• Strongyloides : Ivermectin
• GTCS / Atonic / Absence / Myoclonic epilipsy : Valporate
• Partial seizure : Carbamazepine
• Generalized Pustular psoriasis : Methotrexate (Pregnancy → Steroids)
• Acute Iridocyclitis : Atropine
• Nausea in pregnancy : Doxylamine & Pyridoxine
• Antiepilleptic in pregnancy : Phenobarbitone
• Essential thrombocytosis : Hydroxyurea
• Night terrors : Diazepam
• Lymphadema : Penicillin
• Pustular psoriasis : Retinoids
• Antidiabetic in obese patients : Metformin
• CML : Imatinib
• Diarrhoea in AIDS : Ocrreotide
• Mania with dysphoria (Mixed mania) : Valporate
• Mania with psychosis : Valporate with Olanzapine or risperidone.
• Typhoid carriers : Ampicillin or Amoxicillin
• Bier's block : Lidocaine
• For pneumonic plaque : Streptomycin
• Chemoprophylaxis of Pneumonic plaque : Tetracycline
• Plaque meningitis , pleuritis , endopthalmitis and myocarditis : Chloramphenicol
• Belladona poisoining : Physostigmine
• Allergic Bronchopulmonary aspergillosis : Prednisolone [New recommendation → Itraconazole]
• Clostridium : lV penicillin + Clindamycin
• Listeria : IV Ampicillin or penicillin
• Klebsiella : Carbapenem
• Campylobacter : Erythromycin
• Y.Pestis : Streptomycin
• Pertusis : Erythromycin
• Brucella : Streptomycin
• Mycoplasma : Erythromycin
• CHF in Paediatric age group : ACE Inhibitiors
• Primzmetal angina : Nitrates
• Orthostatic hypotension : Midodrine
• Akathesia : Propanolol
• Intractable hiccups : Chlorpromazine
• For treatment of plaque : Streptomycin
• Chemoprophylaxis of Pneumonic plaque : Tetracycline
• Pre term labour : Nifedipine
• HIV associated lipodystrophy : Tesamorelin
• Prophylaxis of bleeding varices : Propanolol
• Dysentry due to Shigella : Ciprofloxacin
• Chlamydia infection in pregnancy : Azithromycin
• Specific myoclonic syndrome : Valporic acid
• Cyanide poisoining : Hydroxycobalamine

E. Coli

• Acute diagnosis : HBsAg , IgM anti-HBc
• Chronic diagnosis : IgG anti-HBc, HBsAg
• Markers of replication : HBeAg , HBV DNA

• 6 Layers
• ▪ Layers 1,4,6 : Receive input from CONTRALATERAL hemicornea
• ▪ Layers 2,3,5 : Receive input from IPSILATERAL hemicornea.

• Pathways
• •Magnocellular (Large) Pathway:
• ▪ Layers 1, 2
• ▪ Movements, depth, flickering

• •Parvocellular pathway:
• ▪ Layers 3 to 6
• ▪ Fine details, shape, colour, texture etc.

Q) Most afferent fibres from the LG nucleus terminate in 1° visual cortex is : Layer 4.

• M/c site : Lower lip
• M/c site of Oral ca in Nepal & India : Alveolobuccal sulcus
• M/c site of tongue : Mid 1/3rd lateral margin or Distal 2/3rd.
• M/c HPE : SCC
• M/c route of spread in Oral cancer : Lymphatics
• Distant Metastasis is rarer,If developed m/c site is "Lung."
• Premalignant condition:
• M/c : Leucoplakia
• Most Premalignant condition : Erythroplakia
• Chronic Hyperplastic Candidiasis.
• IOC : Wedge biopsy (from edge of ulcer)
• Radiological IOC : MRI
• For Alveolar involvement, Radiological IOC : NCCT > OPG.

• •Unilateral proptosis in children : Orbital cellulitis
• •Non inflammatory cause of unilateral proptosis in children : Dermoid cyst
• •Bilateral proptosis in children : Metastatic neuroblastoma ; and or leukaemia (chloroma)
• •Unilateral / bilateral proptosis in adults : Thyroid ophthalmopathy
• •Benign orbital tumors in adults : Cavernous hemangioma
• •Malignant orbital tumor in adults : lymphoma
• •Intraocular malignant tumour in children : Retinoblastoma
• •1°Intraorbital malignant tumour in children : Rhabdomyosarcoma
• •Intraorbital tumour in children : Capillary Hemangioma
• •Benign orbital tumor in children : Dermoid cyst or Capillary Hemangioma (??)
• •1°Intraoccular malignant tumour in adults : Uveal Melanoma
• •Intraocular malignant tumour in adult : Metastasis
• •Source of Orbital Metastasis in adults : Breast
• •Source of Orbital Metastasis in children : Neuroblastoma
• •Epithelial tumour of Lacrimal gland : Pleomorphic Adenoma
• •Eyelid tumour : BCC

• Prader willi syndrome
• Paternal deletion / Maternal additions
• Paternal inheritence
• Maternal imprinting

Angelman syndrome

•Shunt is placed between Right hepatic vein and Right portal vein.

• M/c site : Lower lip
• M/c site of Oral ca in Nepal & India : Alveolobuccal sulcus
• M/c site of tongue : Mid 1/3rd lateral margin or Distal 2/3rd.
• M/c HPE : SCC
• M/c route of spread in Oral cancer : Lymphatics
• Distant Metastasis is rarer,If developed m/c site is "Lung."
• Premalignant condition:
• M/c : Leucoplakia
• Most Premalignant condition : Erythroplakia
• Chronic Hyperplastic Candidiasis.
• IOC : Wedge biopsy (from edge of ulcer)
• Radiological IOC : MRI
• For Alveolar involvement, Radiological IOC : NCCT > OPG.

• • Mediastinal mass in adults (overall) : Neurogenic tumours (23%) > Thymomas (2nd)
• • Mediastinal mass in children : Neurogenic tumours (Thymoma are rare)
• • Most frequent location of mediastinal mass : Anterosuperior mediastinum
• • Neurogenic tumours in adults : Neurofibromas and Neurilemomas
• • Neurogenic tumours in children : Gangliomas and Neuroblastomas.
• • Most malignant masses of mediastinum : Lymphomas
• • Most common mediastinal germ cell tumours : Teratomas.

Cohort study

• Central bony nucleus of vertebral body : Calve's disease
• Metatarsal head : Frieberg's disease
• Calcaneal tuberosity : Sever's disease

D) Glutathione peroxidase

• Most sensitive test for 1° syphilis : TP-PA
• 1st test to become positive : FTA-ABS
• Test of choice for rapid serological diagnosis : RPR
• Test for monitoring the response of therapy : RPR or VDRL
• Testing large no. of sera for screening or diagnostic purpose : RPR or VDRL
• Test for confirmation : FTA-ABS or TPPA or TPHA
• Test for Congenital syphilis : 195 IgM FTA-ABS
• The diagnostic test : TP-PA
• Test of choice for diagnosis of Neurosyphilis : VDRL of CSF

• Ureterosigmoidoscopy : Hyperchloremic hypokalemic metabolic acidosis
• TPN : Hyperchloremic hyperkalemic metabolic acidosis
• Large Villous adenoma : Hypokalemic metabolic acidosis
• Post burn patient : Hyperkalemic metabolic acidosis

• Syphilitic arthritis : Knee
• Gonococcal arthritis : Knee
• RA : MCP
• Reactive arthritis : Knee
• Psoriatic arthritis : DIP>PIP
• Senile osteoporosis : Vertebra
• Pagets disease : Pelvic bone>femur>skull
• Actinomycosis : mandible
• Acute Osteomyelitis : Lower end of femur
• Brodie abscess : Upper end of tibia
• Charcot's arthropathy : Mid tarsal

Sloping

C. Sickle cell disease

• Non neoplastic polyps :
• ▪Hyperplastic polyp
• ▪Juvenile polyp
• ▪Peutz-Jeghers polyp
• ▪Mucus retention polyp

• Neoplastic polyps :
• ▪Adenomatous polyp
• ▪Tubular adenomas
• ▪Villous adenomas
• ▪Familial polyposis coli
• ▪Gardner's syndrome
• ▪Turcot's syndrome

Pseudopolyps are not premalignant.

• Acute diagnosis : HBsAg, IgM anti-HBc
• Chronic diagnosis : IgG anti-HBc, HBsAg
• Markers of replication : HBeAg, HBV DNA

B. Hepatitis E

As a sexually transmitted disease, Hepatitis A may occur mainly among homosexual men due to oroanal contact.

Median nerve

Ulnar nerve is a/k/a "Musician's nerve".

3 or more fracture in 2 or more consecutive ribs

10 seconds

Five or more episodes of obstructive apnea or hypopnea per hour of sleep documented during a sleep study.

A. Secondary structure

D. HBeAg

C. Temporal lobe

• •< 6 months : 10 mg daily
• •> 6 months : 20 mg daily

Recommended treatment for 10 to 14 days.

5-HT1D/1B agonist

Lorcaserin : 5HT2C agonist (Anti-obesity drugs)

• Tegaserod :
• 5HT4 partial agonist
• Newer drug
• Acts as an partial agonist in the colon.
• Approved for the use of chronic constipation but because of CVS toxicity, its use is now restricted.

A. Rhinoscleroma

C. Cholesterosis

Copper

• LH surge : 24 hr before ovulation
• Ovulation : 0 hrs
• Fertilization : 24 hrs after ovulation (Day 1)
• Reaches uterine cavity : 3-4 days post fertilization (Day 4-5 post ovulation)
• Implantation : 7-9 day post fertilization

• 2 or more of the following criteria are met for SIRS
• ▪Temperature ≥38°C (100.4°F) or ≤36°C (96.8°F)
• ▪HR ≥90 beats/min
• ▪RR ≥20 breaths/min or PaCO2 ≤32 mm of Hg or mechanical ventillation.
• ▪WBC ≥12000/microL or ≤4000/microL or ≥10% band forms.

• 1) Anterior ethmoidal air cells :
• Drain through tiny openings in the hiatus semilunaris of the middle meatus.
• 2) Middle ethmoidal air cells :
• Drain through the ethmoidal bulla of the middle meatus.
• 3) Posterior ethmoidal air cells :
• Drain through openings in the superior meatus.
• 4) Frontal sinuses :
• Drains into the anterior part of the hiatus semilunaris.
• 5) Maxillary sinuses :
• Opens into the posterior aspect of the hiatus semilunaris in the middle meatus.
• 6) Sphenoidal sinuses :
• Drains into the space above the superior concha called the sphenoethmoidal recess.

C. Suprapubic pressure

Septate uterus > Bicornuate uterus

• Type l error : Null hypothesis is true but rejected.
• Type ll error : Null hypothesis is false but not rejected ( or accepted )

• ★Specificity of a screening test is the ability of a test to detect : True negatives
• ★Sensitivity of a screening test is the ability of a test to detect : True positives
• ★Usefulness of screening test is given by : Sensitivity
• ★Statistical index of Diagnostic accuracy : Sensitivity
• ★Diagnostic power of a screening test : Predictive accuracy
• ★Diagnostic power of screening test to correctly identify a disease : Positive predictive value
• ★Diagnostic power of screening test to correctly exclude a disease : Negative predictive value

A. ALL

C. Vasovagal shock

• 1-6 hrs : Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus
• 12-48 hrs : Salmonella, E. Coli
• 48-72 hrs : Shigella, Campylobacter
• >7 days : Giardiasis, Amoebiasis

S. Pneumoniae

A. Juvenile polyps

C. Golden

• Meconium is the first stool passed within 24 hours.
• After that meconium stools (black tarry) can be passed up to 3 days.
• On 4th - 5th days transitional stools (Greenish) are passed.
• After 5 days regular milk stools (Golden yellow) are passed.

Iris with cornea

• Most common cause of anterior staphyloma is Sloughing corneal ulcer.
• Most common cause of posterior staphyloma is degenerative high axial myopia.

Tyrosinase deficiency

A. CD

★ Sphenoethmoidal recess : Opening of the sphenoidal air sinus

★ Superior meatus : Opening of the posterior ethmoidal air sinus

• ★ Middle meatus :
• ◇ On bulla : Opening of the middle ethmoidal air sinus
• ◇ In hiatus semilunaris :
• ▪ Anterior part : Opening of frontal air sinus
• ▪ Middle part : Opening of anterior ethmoidal air sinuses
• ▪ Posterior part : Opening of the maxillary air sinuses

★ Inferior meatus : NLD in anterior part of meatus.

Calcium bilirubinate

Parasympathetic preganglionic fibres

C. Squamous cell carcinoma

• Le fort l : Floating palate (horizontal)
• Le fort ll : Floating maxilla (Pyramidal)
• Le fort lll : Floating face (transverse)

• Tumor of Salivary gland : Pleomorphic adenoma
• Benign tumor of salivary gland : Pleomorphic adenoma
• Malignant tumor of major salivary gland : Mucoepidermoid tumor
• Malignant tumor of minor salivary gland : Adenoid cystic carcinoma
• Benign and overall tumor of parotid in children especially in <1 yr : Hemangloma
• Malignant tumor in children : Mucoepidermoid
• Radiation induced neoplasm of salivary gland : Mucoepidermoid carcinoma

A. Broad ligament

C. Pertusis

• Others :
• Rabies
• Measles (within 3 days of exposure)
• Tetanus
• Hepatitis B
• Varicella

C. Peripheral neuritis

Peripheral neuritis is a manifestation of dry beriberi.

A. Small cell cancer

A. Fracture of lateral epicondyle of humerous

C. NRR

B. Hypothyroidism

C. ITP

A. Mefloquine

Chloroquine is the DOC for malaria in pregnancy.

D. Aspirin

B. 30

Inhibit dihydrofolate reductase

D. Gap junctions

A. VA of <20/400 (6/120) in the better eye with best possible correction

• Mild : 35°C (95°F) to 32.2°C (90°F)
• Moderate : <32.2°C (90°F) to 28°C (82.4°F)
• Severe : <28°C (<82.4°F)

A. Perinatal mortality

• Above knee : 12 cm (4.8 inches)
• Below knee : 14 inches (5.6 inches)
• Below elbow : 18 cm (7.2 inches)
• Above elbow : 20 cm (8 inches)

C. Serous

• Increasing band 3 tyrosine phosphorylation.
• This stimulate releasing of all glycolytic enzymes of band 3 on RBC membrane thereby stimulating glycolysis.

B. Is due to increase in blood flow through the dilated uterine vessels

• Funic souffle :
• •It is a sharp whistling sound that is synchronous with fetal pulse.
• •It is caused by the rush of blood through the umbilical arteries and may not be heard consistently.

B. Cortical bone

• Type l : Hyperchylomicronemia
• ▪ AR
• ▪ LPL or Apo C ll deficiency
• ▪↑blood level : CM, TG, Cholesterol

• Type ll : Familial cholesterolemia
• ▪ AD
• ▪ Absent or defective LDL receptors
• ▪↑blood level : lla : LDL, Cholesterol , llb : LDL, Cholesterol, VLDL

• Type lll : Dysbetalipoproteinemia
• ▪ AR
• ▪ Defective Apo E
• ▪↑blood level : CM, VLDL

• Type IV : Hypertriglyceridemia
• ▪ AD
• ▪ Hepatic overproduction of VLDL
• ▪↑blood level : VLDL, TG

• Pubovaginalis
• External urethral sphincter
• Urethrovaginal sphincter
• Bulbospongiosus

A. Laproscopic chemotubation

• Ca stomach : Proximal stomach
• Ca stomach in Pernicious anaemia : Fundus
• Diffuse variety : Fundus
• Gastric lymphoma : Antrum
• Burkitt's lymphoma / EBV : Cardia / Body

C. S. Pneumoniae (50%)

B. 34-36 hrs

LH secretion peaks at 10-12 hrs before ovulation.

B. Depressed fracture

D. Cervical mucous method

Rhythm method : Calander method

[@ STEEVE]

• Seminiferous tubules
• rete Testis
• vasa Efferentia
• Epididymis
• Vas deferens
• Ejaculatory duct

C. Decreased estrogen

In competitive inhibition : Km value increases but Vmax remain constant.

In non competitive inhibition : Vmax decreases but Km remains constant.

C. Rifampicin

D. B cells