Health Assessment Test 1

• lower back pain
• common and expensive

• bone
• cartilage
• ligaments/tendons
• fascia and bursae

• millions of individual muscle fibers that contract and relax to facilitate movement
• more than 600 in the body
• 2-60cm long

• 75% water
• 20% protein
• 5% inorganic and organic compounds

• isometric: changes in muscle tension but not length
• isotonic: changes in muscle length but same tension

• eccentric: extension, muscle lengthens
• concentric: contraction, muscle shortens

• rigid connective tissue
• gives form to body, supports structures, protects organs
• permits movement with muscles
• a site for blood cell formation
• plays a role in mineral and hormone homeostasis

• 206 total
• axial skeleton: 80 bones; skull, vertebrae, thorax
• appendicular skeleton: 126 bones; shoulder, pelvic, upper and lower extremities

• sites where tow or more bones meet/attach
• provide stability and mobility to the skeleton
• aka areas of articulation

• support
• articulation
• growth
• protection

• attach muscle to bone
• transfer forces from muscle to bone
• act as a type of biologic spring for muscles to allow additional stability when moving

• attach bone to bone
• stabilize joints against excessive movement

layers of connective tissue with intermeshed fibers that can withstand limited stretching and provides strenght to muscle tissue

• superficial: lies immediately under the skin
• deep: dense, fibrous tissue that surrounds the muscle bundles, nerves, and blood vessels

• small sacs of connective tissue lined with synovial membrane and containing viscous synovial fluid
• typically located at bony prominences or joints to releive pressure and decrease friction between moving parts

• bones: bone loss, less strong, more brittle. remodel time lengthened
• joints: cartilage becomes more rigid, fragile and susceptible to fraying, decreased ROM
• muscles: sarcopenia (muscle wasting), decrease in mass and strength, reduced o2 intake, reduced BMR and reduced lean body mass

• rash
• fever
• bowel/bladder dysfunction
• fatigue

• muscles and joints for skin temp, tenderness, swelling and crepitus
• look for general contour, abnormal prominances and local landmarks
• palpate superficially to deep- sore areas first

• soft and boggy
• kinda like a uterus thats boggy

• 0: no detection of muscle contraction
• 1: a barely detectable flicker or trace of contraction with observation and palpation
• 2: active movement of body part with elmination of gravity
• 3: active movement gainst gravity only but not against resistance
• 4: active movement against gravity and some resistance
• 5: active movement against full resistance with no fatigue (normal)

• hand and wrist
• elbows
• shoulders
• temporomandibular joint
• cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine
• hips
• legs and knees
• feet and ankles

• sagittal: divites body into left and right. flexion extension movements (back and forth)
• frontal: divides body into front and back. abduction and adduction movements (lateral and medial)
• transverse: divides body into top and bottom. rotational movements

the romberg test which is last in the neuro exam

• look at gait and stance
• look for smooth coordinated movement
• test active ROM of hips (abd, add, flex, exten, internal/ext rot)

• observe muscle bulk symmetry of upper extremities
• test active ROM of shoulders
• assess grade of muscle strength of forearms

• observe muscle bulk symmetry of lower extremities
• assess and grade muscle strength of lower extremities

• standing: upright with parallel aligntment of hips and shoulders
• sitting: some degree of rounding of the shoulders is normal

• heal strike
• foot flat
• midstance
• push-off

2-4 inches

flexion: