-
What are the 5 functions of bone?
- Support
- Protection
- Manufacture of blood cells
- Mineral reservoir
- muscle attachment
-
Name the term for a bone cell.
osteocyte
-
What is the root word for bone(s)?
osteo
-
What is the name for the membrane surrounding bone, to which muscles attach?
periosteum
-
The end of long bones is called the _____________
epiphysis
-
Name the term for the diameter of long bones
diaphysis
-
The axial skeleton makes up the __________ ______
center axis
-
The axial skeleton includes:
- the skull
- vertebral column
- & rib cage
-
The skull is comprised of how many bones, sutures, & fontanels?
29
-
Proximal is
nearest to the point of origin
-
Distal is
farthest to the point of origin
-
Origin is
where a muscle attaches to a bone where NO movement occurs
-
Insertion is
where muscle attaches to bone, where movement occurs
-
Name the term for the soft spots of the skull, where two bones intersect
fontanels
-
Name the fontanel located at the coronal & sagittal suture
the frontal fontanel
-
What fontanel is located at the sagittal & lambdoidal suture?
the occipital fontanel
-
The sphenoidal fontanel is located at he intersection of what two sutures?
the coronal and squamosal
-
Which fontanel is located at the intersection of the squamosal and lambdoidal sutures?
the mastoidal fontanel
-
The first set of vertebrae, which make up the neck are
the cervical vertebrae
-
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
-
The C1 vertebra, which supports the skull is called the __________
atlas
-
The C2 vertebra, which rotates the skull is called the _______
axis
-
The 2nd set of vertebrae, which make up the the greater curvature of the vertebral column are the
thoracic vertebrae
-
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
- 12
- 1 per pair of ribs
- named T1 through T12
-
The set of vertebrae that make up the small curvature of the back are
the lumbar vertebrae
-
There are how many lumbar vertebrae?
-
The 5 vertebrae, which are fused together to form the sacrum are the
sacral vertebrae
-
The coccygeal vertebrae are
4 fused vertebrae, which make up the coccyx (tail bone)
-
The rib cage is made up of
12 pairs of ribs & the sternum (breast bone)
-
The "true ribs" are
- the first seven pair of ribs
- they have direct sternal attachment
-
False ribs are
- the 2nd set of ribs
- there are 3 pair
- they have indirect sternal attachment
-
The indirect sternal attachment of the false ribs is provided via
costal cartilage
-
The lowest two pair of ribs are:
- called the floating ribs
- they have no sternal attachment
-
The muscle between the ribs is called the
intercostal muscle
-
The body of the sternum is called
the gladiolus
-
The head of the sternum is called the
manubrium
-
The bottom point of the sternum is called the
xiphoid process
-
The pelvic girdle and the pectoral girdle collectively make up the __________ ____________
apendicular skeleton
-
Name the 3 types of joints
- cartilaginous joints
- fibrous joints
- synovial joints
-
What type of joints have a layer of cartilage that covers the articulative surfaces of two bones (ie. intervertebral disks & pubic symphosis)?
cartilaginous joints
-
_____________ joints are highly immovable joints, covered by dense fibrous connective tissue. (ie. sutures)
fibrous
-
Describe characteristics of synovial joints.
- contain bursi or bursa
- filled with synovial fluid
-
Name the 3 types of synovial joints
- hinge joints
- pivot joints
- ball & socket joints
-
Hinge joints are capable of
flexion & extension
-
Pivot joints are capable of
supination & pronation
-
Ball & socket joints are capable of
- flexion
- extension
- medial rotation
- lateral rotation
- adduction
- & abduction
-
List 3 types of joint disorders
- dislocation
- sprain
- arthritis
-
A dislocation is
a displacement of the articular surfaces of two bones
-
A sprain is
a twisting of a joint, stretching out the ligaments
-
Arthritis is
inflammation of the joints
-
Arthritis is what type of disease?
autoimmune
-
An autoimmune disease is
the development of antibodies against your own tissue
-
An autoimmune disease is caused by
- an altered antigen or
- cross reactive antigens
-
Cross reactive antigens are
2 antigens similar in their chemical make-up
-
Characteristics of skeletal muscle:
- voluntary
- striated
- on average make up 40% of body weight
-
Antagonists:
- work against each other to preform tasks
- (ie. biceps brachii & triceps brachii)
-
Synergist:
- work together to preform a task
- (ie. quadriceps)
-
List the order of a muscle contraction
- 1. the latent period
- 2. contraction
- 3. stationary phase
- 4. relaxation
-
The latent period is
the short period of time between stimulation and contraction
-
Types of single stimulus are
- subthreshold
- threshold
- & maximal
-
A subthreshold stimulus is:
- not capable of producing a response
- subliminal
-
A threshold (liminal) stimulus
produces the weakest contraction possible (threshold or liminal contraction)
-
A maximal stimulus
- produces a maximal contraction (maximal response)
- a single muscle cell responds in this way to any stimulus (the all-or-none law)
-
List the 3 different types of repetitive stimuli
- subthreshold (subliminal) stimuli
- threshold (liminal) stimuli
- maximal stimuli
-
Repetitive subthreshold stimuli causes
- an adding (summation) of the separate stimuli
- thereby producing a threshold response
-
The result of repetitive threshold stimuli is
two threshold responses
-
Repetitive maximal stimuli may result in
- incomplete tetanus (interrupted stimulus)
- or
- complete tetanus
-
Which suture separates the parietal bones from the temporal bones?
the squamosal
-
The sagittal suture separates
the 2 parietal bones
-
Which suture separates the frontal bone from the 2 parietal bones
the coronal suture
-
Which suture separates the occipital bone from the 2 parietal bones
the lambdoidal suture
|
|
