bot exam 2

What are secondary compounds used for?

Compounds not part of a plants photosynthetic or metabolic system. They are synthesized for color, protection, or attraction.

What are three characteristics of secondary compounds?

Evidence that the compound is a secondary compound.

What are some ways to test cost and benefits of secondary compounds?

The compounds easily diffuse into the air. They usually are relatively small. Lipid-soluble. Organic.

What are some examples of volatile oils that sever functions?

How does having a special relationship with pollinators benefit plants?

How does having a special relationship with pollinators benefit the pollinator? (Most often the case)

Inhibition of seeding germination or growth by volatile compounds.

Example of volatiles attracting a protective insect.

Volatile oils are also known as?

Most volatile oils are chemically….

Compounds with lower molecular weights ( less isoprene units) may?

Compounds with more isoprene units are?

What are isopentenol and isoamyl alcohol?

2 isoprene units (10 carbon atoms). Most common components of essential oils.

3 isoprene units, 15 carbons. Components of essential oils and other things

4 isoprene units; 20 carbons. Components of resins

5 isoprenes units; 25 carbons. Components of waxes

6 isoprene units; 30 carbons. Steroids and others

8 isoprene units; 40 carbons. Carotene and xanthophylls.

Lots of isoprenes. Rubber etc.

Resin canals are lined with?

Where can volatile compounds be found?

What is the top of the glandular hairs called?

The glandular hairs on peppermint?

What are the methods for extracting volatile oils for perfume?

Plant parts exposed to steam. Steam with oil is condensed. Oil is separated from water. Only good for stable compounds resistant to heat.

Sleeping plants in a solvent.

Methods of solvent extraction.

Obtained by steeping plants in alcohol.

Obtained by steeping plant parts in petroleum ether or hexane and then evaporating the solvent.

Like a concrete but an exudate. Saps.

Result of extraction of a concrete, resinoid or pomade with alcohol. Most waxes and other impurities left behind and alcohol is driven off

A cold fat method of extraction. Odors migrate into cold fat from plant tissues. Fat saturated with essential oils= pomade. Maybe extracted w/ alcohol

Mechanically pressing oil from tissues with high oil content.

Often herbs come from?

Often spices come from?

Spices and silk drove the devlopment of

Why do we like spicy foods?

There is greater spice use in meat dishes in what kind pol climates?

In the piperaceae. Not related to member of the Solanaceae ( chili peppers). Native to India. We eat the whole fruit drupe.

This is native to the Banda islands. A very small archipelago in eastern Indonesia.

Where is nutmeg made from?

Where is Mace made from?

May be the hallucinogenic compound in netmeg.

A family of woody species named for the laurel tree.

What some spices that come from Lauraceae?

Bay tree are in the

What are the Bay leaf species?

Is from the bark of cinnamomum zeylanicum.

A small tree of the Lauraceae. Only North American spice. Used on rootbeer.

What is the drug in sassafrass.

What are some medical facts about Safrol?

Woody plants of the Myrtle or eucalyptus family

What is the spice from myrtaceae?

What are some medicinal properties of Clove oil?

What are more medical products form Myrtaceae?

What is eucalyptus used for?

What is melaleuca leucadendron used for?

The ginger family.

What is another member of the ginger family?

From the fruits and seeds of an orchid

Is from the stigma of crocus sativus

Mustards, wasabi and horseradish

Sunflowers inflorescene consists of heads of flowers

Is a. Family with many spices used as herbs. Stems square in cross section. Flowers bilaterally symmetrical.

What are the spices from lamiaceae?

Carrot family. Infloresscense is an umbel

Many fruits of th apiaceae are used as spices. Name some

Family of Chile peppers and paprika

The spice in peppers. Mild in the plant tissue and high in the seeds.

How does capsaicin work?

How does Capsaicin interfere with chronic pain?

How is camphor oil used?

How is Camphor w/o safrol removed?

What is the history of drugs from plants?

Examples of chimps using plant drugs?

History of drugs. Clay tablets with herbal remedies 4000BP some tablets with images of Opium Poppy.

History of drugs 3500 BP Medicine and remedies, including mandrake for pain relief and garlic for heart/ circulatory disorders.

History of drugs. 3600BP or earlier Mostly treatment of traumatic injuries. Also moldy bread for preventing and curing infection.

Plant on Greek coins 300BC contraceptive and other uses. Collected to extinction by romans.

History of drugs: Discorder Roman military book that described over 600 species for plants and their medicinal uses. It remained the standard medical reference in Europe for 1500 years.

History of drugs: Renaissance 14th century. A plant or plants part appearance indicated what it would cure.

History of drugs: 17th century to present.

Influences areas that control pleasure centers; low concentrations associated with Parkinson’s disease. High concentrations with schizophrenia.

Regulates sensory perception, sleep, body temperature.

Accelerates heartbeat, stimulates secretion of adrenaline, relaxes bronchial passages and bladder. Inhibits stomach activity.

Slows Heartbeat, constricts bronchial passages, contracts bladder, stimulates stomach activity.

Trapane alkaloids are from? 8-point double-ring structure containing N.

This Trapane alkaloid was used to dilate pupils in the renaissance. Commonly known a deadly night shade and belladonna.

Second source of Trapane alakloids. Also in the Solanaceae

Henbane and nightshade tropane alkaloids act on?

These tropane alkaloids can be used to treat what kind of ailments?

This is from the cinchona bark. Grows in the Amazon, on the east slope of the Andes. It’s an alkaloid.

What is Quinine use for?

Clears the most dangerous species of Plasmodium from the blood faster than any other drug. From Chinese herbal medicine. Discovered in 1972. Is NOT an alkaloid.

Artemisinin is from what plant?

An alkaloid from ephedra sinica.

Acts like adrenaline. Increases heart rate, opens bronchioles, reduces swelling, weight loss drug and allergy med.

Are made from other members of the genus Ephedra. Alkaloid is in lower concentrations.

Opium poopy comes from?

Papaver somniferum, poppy has how many alkaloids.

What are the drugs made from poppy aka papaver somniferum

From the poppy used to treat internal spasms(colon).

Drug from the poppy. Binds to same receptors in the brain as endorphins. Inhibits the perception of pain.

Drug from the poppy. An acetylation of morphine. Developed as a non-addictive morphine substitute.

Snakeroot aka reserpine comes from?

This drug depletes stores of several neurotransmitters in both central and peripheral nervous system. Destroys the intracellular vesicles that store neurotransmitters.

What is snakeroot reserpine used to treat?

What effect can some alkaloids have on tumors?

Cancer treating plants.

What are the alkaloids from periwinkle?

How does periwinkle work?

What kind of cancer is periwinkle good for?

Where does mayapple come from.

Mayapple podophyllum contains what drug? (NOT AN ALKALOID)

What is phodophyllin used for?

Autumn crocus comes from? And what is it’s alkaloid?

This drug alkaloid interferes with mitotic spindles and cell division. Used in plant breeding to form polyploids. Somewhat useful for cance4 treatment. Historically used for pain and gout.

The pacific yew taxis brevifolia yields?

What does taxol do?

Almost all psychoactive drugs are alkaloids except one.

How do psychoactive drugs effect you.

Neurotransmitters of interest.

Released onto many organs by neurons of the sympathetic nervous system, preparing body for fight or flight.

Depletes norepinephrine and other neurotransmitters

Blow I reuptake of norepinephrine. Also blocks the reuptake of dopamine.

Where does cocaine come from?

Cocaine was used for eye surgery. What synthetic compounds mimic now?

Similar in structure and action to norepinephrine and epinephrine.

Mimics norepinephrine. Somewhat like serotonin. One of 40 alkaloids in peyote

Simulates skeletal muscle. Relaxes or stimulates smooth muscle and slows heart rate.

Mimics acetylcholine effects of skeletal muscle.

Blocks acetylcholine transmission in smooth muscle.

Blocks perception of pain. Opium, morphine, and codeine.

Opium dissolved in alcohol

Not an alkaloid and mimics neurotransmitter

Milk based drink with ground pot leaves

Where is the THC resin produced?

What are the three compounds from cannabis we are interested in?

Compounds related to steroids. Soap like

Tubers of Dioscorea (the yams) contain?

Steroids that affect the heart contraction

What plant contain cardiac glycosides?

Foxglove is know as?

Cardiac glycosides from digitalis is used to treat?

A poison that we use medicinally and stimulates the CNS and stomach, causing vomiting.

Willow leaves and bark have been long used to alleviate pain. What is the drug?

Historically used fir a variety of symptoms. Raises levels of serotonin in the brain. Treats depression.

Long history for. Skin ailments including burns. Has many uses: skin growth, inhibit bacteria and fungi, inhibit pain, irrates GI fo poop, lowers blood glucose and moisturizes.

Tree native to India and surrounding area. History of use in medicine and to repel insects. Antibacterial and antifungal. Disrupts insect development of chitin with analogues of insect hormones called liminoids.

Al alkaloid from seed of strychnos and bark of another species. A CNS stimulant that leads to muscle spasms and asphyxiation. With curarine more commonly known as an arrow poison or fish poison.

Used as an insecticide especially when treated with sulfuric acid.

From the roots of a couple of tropical legumes. Native use as fish poison. Used to be in flea powders.

From the heads of Chrysanthemums. Nerve poison:paralyses insects

Drugs used to achieve relief from pain.

Substance that shrinks tissue

A herb or preparation that either prevents formation of gas in the GI or facilitates the expulsion of said gas, thereby combating gas.

A substance that induces vomiting

A substance that accelerates defecation

Steeping plant parts in water that isn’t boiling.

Boiling plant parts in water

Alcohol based solution extract.

Solid material ground fine

Honey or sugar added. Liquid w/ sweetener.

Material dissolved in a hydrophobic oil or fat based substance.

Like an ointment, but is an emulsion. Has more water.

Extract (medication) put onto a cloth and applied externally.

Plant material itself (Boiled or otherwise) is applied to the body.

Alcohol effects what three neurotransmitters of the brain?

Is a neurotransmitter that prevents neurons from firing. Alcohol increases sensitivity to this.

Is involved in mood, producing pleasure, euphoria, etc. alcohol at first increases this but with continued use it decreases level and transporters.

Are hormones that inhibit the perception of pain. Alcohol stimulates the production of this.

Is an excitatory neurotransmitter, also involved in memory and learning. Alcohol blocks this.

Starch in rice is converted to sugar by pretreatment with a fungus called?

Barley is fermented to produce

Honey is fermented to produce

Grapes and other fruit are fermented to produce

Rice is fermented to produce

Is produced by fermentation of sugars bu yeast. This is an anaerobic process to release energy from sugars.

What is the name of yeast that carries out the fermentation.

Why will fermentation only yield 18abv?

How are beverages made that are higher than 18?

Name four super distilled products.

Bark or leaves for diarrhea. Infusion of leaves for poison oak. Poultice of chewed leaves for sores, burns, and cuts.

Produces a sweet resin that acts as a mild laxative

Resin used to extract splinters and maybe for burns and other skin problems.

Used for gum. Used to treat warts, ringworm, sores, rattlesnake bite, measles.

Seeds produced mucilage and were placed under the eyelids to fight eye infections