A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.
Perception
An attempt to determine whether an individual's behavior is internally or externally caused.
Attribution theory
the tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others.
Fundamental attribution error
The tendency for individuals to attribute their own success to internal factors and put the blame for failures on external factors.
Self Serving bias
the tendency to selectively interpret what one sees on the basis of one's interest background, experience, and attitudes
Selective perception
The tendency to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic.
The halo effect
Evaluation of a person's characteristics that is affected by comparison with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics.
Contrast effect
Judging someone on the basis of one's perception of the group to which that person belongs
Stereotyping
Choices made from among two or more alternatives.
Decisions
A discrepancy between the current state of affairs and some desired state.
problem
Characterized by making consistent value-maximizing choices within specified constraints.
Rational
A decision making model that describes how individuals should behave in order to maximize some outcome
Rational decision making
A process of making decisions by constructing simplified models that extract the essential features from problems without capturing all their complexities
Boundary rationality
An unconscious process created out of the distilled experience.
Intuitive decision making
A tendency to fixate on initial information from which one then fails to adequately adjust for subsequent information.
Anchoring bias
The tendency to seek out information that reaffirms past choices and to discount information that contradicts past judgments
Conformation bias
The tendency for people to base their judgments on information that is readily available to them
Availability Bias
An increased commitment to a previous decision in spite of negative information
Escalation of commitment
The tendency of individuals to believe that they can predict the outcome of random events
Randomness error
the tendency to prefer a sure gain of a moderate amount over riskier outcome, even if the riskier outcome may have a higher expected payoff
Risk Aversion
the tendency to believe falsely after an outcome of an event is actually known that one would have accurately predicted the outcome
Hindsight Bias
A system in which decisions are made to provide the greatest good for the greatest number
Utilitarianism
an individual who report unethical practices by their employer to outsiders
Whistle-Blowers
Analyzing how people actually behave when confronted with ethical dilemmas
Behavioral ethics
The ability to produce novel and useful ideas.
Creativity
The proposition that creativity involves three stages;causes (creative potential and creative environments) , creative behavior and outcomes9innovations0
Three-stage model of creativity
The stage of creative behavior involving the identification of a problem or opportunity requiring a solution that is unknown
Problem formulation
the stage of creative behavior when possible solutions to a problem incubate in an individual's mind
Information Gathering
The process of creative behavior that involves developing possible solutions to a problem from one relevant information and knowledge
idea generation
The process of creative behavior involving the evaluation of potential solutions to problems to identify the best ones