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What kind of compound is found in Rosaceaes?
They contain cyanogenic glycoside
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What is found in the seed of Ricinus Camminus?
Ricin
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What is Ricin?
It is an enzyme that attacks rRNA
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What is an example of a seed that has Ricin?
Castor Bean
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Fruit may become edible upon?
Maturity
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Seeds often remain?
Toxic and of defended
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What is needed to remove toxins?
Breeding or preparation
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This has involved reducing toxins in seeds and fruits by selective breeding.
Agriculture and plant domestication
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Science of raising crops and livestock.
Agriculture
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What are the two part s to agriculture?
Cultivation and domestication
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Caring for plants
Cultivation
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Genetic alteration of plant populations caused by human activity.
Domestication
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What is the most popular hypothesis as to why agriculture started?
Most beneficial when population out -strips ability of the environment to support it.
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What are the levels of agriculture?
Enrichment, Swidden (slash and burn), and Intensive.
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What does agriculture involve?
Increasing productivity of land and increase the fraction of the plant biomass that is digestable and non-toxic.
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Selection of varieties with desired trait
- Controlled crosses
- Cross from two inbred lines of the same inbred lines a homozygous.
- Hybrid seed
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What is meant when hybrids do not breed true?
This means the next generation does not have the same characteristics. Homozygotes can only breed true.
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How do you propagate varieties that don’t breed true?
Cross inbred lines. Colonial propagation: Graftinf, root cutting, budding, seperating naturally clonal species.
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This is the grass family.
Poaceae
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How are the flowers in the Poaceae family?
Spikelets.
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An arrangement of flowers sandwiched between palea and lemma (floret)
Spikelet
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Describe the Poaceae spikelet.
Seed encased by palea (top) and lemma( bottom) collectively known as floret aka grain. The larger leaf protecting it is called a glome
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What are the all non grain parts of a poaceae?
Chaff
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Poaceae: seed wall and fruit coat fused.
Bran
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Poaceae: outer coat of the seed wall. This produced the enzymes to convert starch to sugars to feed embryo starting germinating.
Aleurone layer
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What are some changes that have been made to the Poaceae family?
Increased grain size and production. As well as prevention of shattering.
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What are the crops to Poaceae?
Barley, wheat, Maize, Rice, Avena (oats), and Millet
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This is the oldest domesticated crop from Poaceae. Common 6 rows. Used for beer (malt). Don’t seem to have a toxin that harms us and easy to store and transport.
Barley
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The species of Poaceae has a had a lot of speciation, allopolyploidy,used for breads and pastries.
Wheat
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Two diploid sets of chromosomes from different species.
Allotetraploids
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Has two diploid sets of chromosomes from the same species.
Autotetraploid
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3 sets of diploid chromosomes
Allohexaploid
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Poaceae: Sweet corn, popping corn, Indian corn, pod corn, most are from a hybrid seed
Maize
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Poaceae: has been milled and polished to remove the bran and germ. ( seed fruit and embryo gone) decrease in proteins and vitamins. (ESP thiamine vita B1)
White Rice
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A disease caused by Thiamine deficiency. Maybe caused by a diet on white rice.
Berberi
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Poaceae: Not domesticated. Ones we buy are paddied and not shatter restart.
Wild rice
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Poaceae: Species with many seed on the heads.
Millet
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Poaceae: Species used for grain, silage, molasses, sugar.
Sorghum.
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This is the pea and bean family. AKA legumes.
Fabaceae
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What is the fruit of the fabaceae?
Legume- splits along the sides w/ row of seeds (green bean)
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What are the seed of the fabaceae called?
Pulses
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Describe the pea flower.
Has 5 petals, bilaterally symmetrical, w/ banner (2 wings and keel of 2 fused petals.)
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What are some important facts about the fabaceae species?
Good course of protein, symbiotic relation ship with bacteria, and can fix nitrogen.
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Nitrogen gas cannot be used by plants (N triple bond N). Fixing then turns nitrogen into?
Nitrates, Ammoniums, and amino-nitrogen. (These can be used by plants)
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Fabaceae: results of the symbiosis is?
Increase in nitrogen in plants. Increases protein richness. Maintains nitrogen fertility of soils in cropping systems through their own decay.
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How are we using the fabaceae plants in crops?
Legumes and planted w/non-legume species. Also, crop rotations. Legume then non.
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In the fabaceae can be toxic. What are the toxins.
Non-protein amino acids, N-storage, and osmotic compounds.
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How can non-protein amino acids cause us problems?
Interfere with uptake and transport of protein AAs. Interfere w/ biosynthesis or primary AA, and can be incorporated in enzymes inactivating them.
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This species provides us with our fruit crops.
Rosaceae
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What are the typical fruits that come from the rosaceaes?
Apples, pears, plums, peaches, apricots, almonds, raspberries, and black berries.
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These are the fruit type pome
Apples and pears
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These are the fruit type drupe
Plums, peaches, apricots, almonds
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The are the fruit type aggregate fruit.
Raspberries, black berries
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A simple fruit comes from?
1 ovary of one pistol.
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An aggregate fruit comes from?
Many ovaries in a single flower.
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Fruits are classified by?
# of corrals in pistol and ovary.
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What are the fruit types?
Fleshy and dry
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What are the two kinds of dry fruit?
Indehiscent and dehiscent.
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Indehiscent
Usually has one seed
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Dehiscent
Splits and releases seeds
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What are the 2 layers of the fruit wall (pericarp)
Exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp.
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Only in Rosaceae. Hypanthium fused to ovary in mature fruit. Outside accessory tissue. Core ovary.
Pome
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What are some examples of Dry, indehiscent
Caryopsis: Poaceae Corn. Achene: Sunflower seeds. Summaras: winged fruits. Nuts
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Dehiscent fruits that split. If it splits on one side its____ and splits on top and bottom_____.
Follicle and legume
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Mustards are unique. The part that mustard seeds are stuck to.
Silique.
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This is the night shade family. Have lots of toxins ad alkaloids.
Solanaceae
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What are some of the plants associates with the Solanaceae?
Tomatos, Potato’s, peppers tobacco, Jimson weed, and deadly night shade
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Describe the flowers for the Solanaceae.
Fused (can be at the base) petals like a wheel.
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What is the general chemical structure of an Alkaloid?
Ring structure with a Nitrogen group.
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How can potatoes create Alkaloids?
Exposed to light they produce cholophil and the then alkaloids
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This is the Mustard Family.
Brassicaceae
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Describe the flower and fruits of the Brassicaceae.
4 petals and fruit is a silique
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This is in the mustards: A bitter, sulfur-contains secondary compound. May deter predators and attract specialized animals.
Glucosinolates. Has a glucose and sulfur group.
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Many crops come from one species. Cabbage, sprouts, Kale, Cauliflower Brocholli, etc.
Brassica Oleracea
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This is the squash family.
Cucurbitaceae
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Describe the Curcurbitaceaes.
Peppo (hard accessory tissue) 5 fused petals and interior ovary.
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What do plants provide for us?
Food, Fiber, Fuel, drugs, and others
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What are secondary compounds?
Compounds not needed for building structures, not found in other plants, and only in one kind
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What is a node?
Level where a leaf is attached.
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Elongation growth. Results from activity of apicalmeristem. A I’ll art buds are created from leaf premodium.
Primary growth
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These are left over from a budding leaf. They make flowers or branches or may do nothing.
Axillary bud
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Increases girth (width) of stems, roots. Results from activity of cambia.
Secondary growth
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Transports H2O, mineral, and anchors the plant. Some have energy storage.
Root system.
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How is energy stored in plants?
Starches, sugars, and sometimes oil.
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Why is oil used as energy storage?
It will save on weight.
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Starch vs Cellulose
Starch twists, both can be stored in semi-crystalline forms, and cellulose is in plant walls while starch is in amyloplasts.
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Above ground stem horizontal (not storage)
Stolon
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Enlarged, short, fleshy underground stem.
Tuber
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What are the benefits to storage?
Replacing tissue lost to fire, herbivory, and seasonally. Massive reproduction
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What is the enzyme that is located in the papaya and in latex plants?
Proteolytic enzymes
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What are monocots?
Not woody, scattered vascular bundles, 3 portioned leafs (can be in multiples of 3) parallel leaf veins.
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Alliaceae
Onions and garlic
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Alliaceaes have what kind of 2 compound?
Alliin sulfur containing compounds.
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These odd plants have Rhizomes and are havested as stems.
Asparagus
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Toro, arrowroot, canna
Starch stables.
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Tell me about palms.
Fruits are drupes. Dates and coconuts.
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These are dry drupes. We eat the endosperm.
Coconuts
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History of domestication.
Artifice selection, plant breeding, and genetic engineering.
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