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newborn time
birth to 28 days of life
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average measurements for the infant
- weight: 2.7-4kg
- length: 48-53cm
- head circ: 33-35cm
normal for infants to lose up to 10% of body weight by 3-4 days old, it usually comes back by 10-14 days
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infant growth trends
- gain 5-7oz per week for first 5 months
- double birth weight by 6mo
- triple birth weight by 1 year
- height increasess by 1 in per month for 6mo
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comfort measures for teething
- cold, not frozen teething ring
- cool facecloth
- massage gums
- tylenol
- no teething gells (aspiration risk)
- no teething bracelets/necklaces
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teething signs
- sucking
- hands in mouth
- biting
- chewing fingers
- excessive drooling
- irritable
- difficulty sleeping
- mild fever
- ear rubbing
- decreased appetite
- diarrhea
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when do teeth come in
- first tooth: 6 months
- all primary teeth should be in by 3yo
- 6-8 teeth by 1 year
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when should an infant grasp an object
2-3 months
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transferring object between hands
7 months
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CRUDE pincer grasp
9months
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FINE NEAT pincer grasp
- 11months
- picking up something small like a cheerio
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removing objects from a container
11 months
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builds tower of 2 blocks
1 year
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grasps object with both hands
4months
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hand clenches on contact with rattle
1 month
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holds own bottle/breast
6months
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infant lifts head momentarily
1month
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infant lifst head and chest 90 degrees and bears weight on 4ARMS
4MO
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infant lifts head, chest, upper abdomen and can bear weight on hand
the baby crawl
6mo
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what activity can help infants develop head control
- tummy time
- should be started at 1month
- good exercise that helps them use muscle and get used to being on belly
- prevents flat spot (plageocephaly)
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rolling abdomen to back
5months
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rolling over from back to abdomen
6months
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Sitting while leaning on hands
7 months
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sitting unsupported
8months
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direction of infant development
cephalocaudal direction (head to toe)
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crawling
- age 6-7months
- crawling here is commando style- scooting
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creeping
- 9months
- this is the hands and knees crawling with belly off the floor
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pulling themselves up
- 9 months
- the only way they can get back down tho is falling
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walking with assistance
- 11months- cruising
- they hold onto furnature and wait for the next thing
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safety against motor skills
- never leave them alone in changing table or at anything
- NO WALKDERS
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is it safe to put an infant to sleep on their side
- NO
- rolling- they can roll on to belly
- sleep on back
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where should infant sleep
in the same room as parents, but not in their bed, in a crib in a seperate area
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walks up and down stairs
2 years
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what is a piaget concept that a child learns during the first year
- if an object is hidden, that does not mean its gone
- object permanence develops between 4-8months
also develop seperation anxiety
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first form of verbal communication
crying
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how long does the infant cry
- 1-1.5 hours/day until 3 weeks
- 2-4 hours/day until 6 weeks
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why do infants cry
- a reflex
- hungry, frustrated, tire, overstimulated, temp changes
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when does crying start to decrease
- 3 months
- it will become less of a reflex and more purposeful at this time
- by 1 year, it will be rooted to frustration, overstimulation overtired
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describe the progression of language in the infant
- 2months: cooing, clear sounds
- 3-4months: emotional connection, laughing, responsive
- 6months: immitates sounds
- 9-10months: understands some words (no/stop). says mama dada
- 1year: says 3-5 words with meaning (up, down, want)
- 2years: says 2-3 word sentences. should know 200-300 words
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things to do to promote language development
- sing, read, talk to baby
- AAP recommends ZERO tv for 12 months and under
- after that 2hours max/day
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infants and tv
significant developmental delays in those that watch tv
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risk factors of childhood caries
- juice/milk at nap or bedtime
- frequent nightime breastfeeding for a prolonged period
- coating pacifiers in honey
- prolonged bottle feeding (into toddlerhood)
- bottle propping
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when should teeth brushing begin
- as soon as they errupt
- use toothbrush or facecloth
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when should you introduce a cup
- by age 1
- wean from bottle shortly after
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when should fluoride be given
- starting at 6 months IF not present in the water
- give a rice grain size
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risks for insecrue attachment
- depression
- substance abuse
- household abuse
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reactive attachment disorder
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seperation anxiety
- seen in 7months
- signt of good caregiver trust
- talk with parents first in hospital let them decide its safe
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body part of pleasurable sensation and how infants explore the world
- mouth
- followed by hands feet and fingers
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at what age to infants discover that smiling causes others to react
- the social smile
- 2-3 months
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normal newborn reflex that is nutritive and pleasurable
- sucking- can produce analgesia
- pacifier also protects against DIS
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causes of failure to thrive
- malnutrition
- from intake or absopriton issue
- CF
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plageocephaly
- flat spot on head
- need physical therapy, helmet
- tummy time prevents it
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how does a 6month old play
imitating sounds and gestures
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colic
- paroxysmal abdominal pain with crying and drawing up legs to abdomen
- usually self limiting and should be gone by 3-4 months
- crying usually later in the day and evening
- can be debilitating for parent- crying for hours and hours can decrease parent responsiveness
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things that better and worsen colic
- better: swaddling baby, massaging belly, changing positions, simethicone drops
- worse: feeding too quickly, overfeeding can cause belly pain and cramping
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infants generally sleep ____ hours/day by 3-4 mnths, of which ____ hours are at night
- 15 hours/day
- 9-11 hours are at night
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infants take _____ naps until 1 year
1-2 naps/day
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SIDS
- unexplained death of children under 1 year
- pacifier and breastfeeding help protect
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risk factors for SIDS
- maternal: smoking, poor prenatal care, substance use, young age
- infant: 95% of cases happen by 6 months. peak is 2-3months old, boys, african americans, multiples, low apgars, prone sleeping
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