Biology

• Evolution
• Information transfer
• Energy

• cells
• growth and development
• metabolism
• response to stimuli
• reproduction
• evolution and adaptation of populations

Characteristics of an object, process, or behavior that could not be predicted from its component parts; emergentproperties can be identufied at each level as we move up the hierarchy of biological organisms.

Breaking things down to study them, braking things down into smaller and smaller forms to study them.

• -Cell thoery
• 1)Cell is a fundimental unit of life
• 2)Chemical reactions of an organism that have a cellur basis
• 3)All cells come from previos cells
• 4)Genetic material is in the cells
• -Evolution
• 1)Evolution is the process whereby population/species of an organism change over time by way of natural selection.
• 2)States that all life past and present share a commoon ancestary.

• Prokaryotic
• 1) Lack a nucleous and other membrane enclosed organells, include bacteria, arechea
• Prokaryotic
• 1)Plants, animals, fungi

• 1)The better adatped organisms are going to out compete the lesser adapted organisms and get more of the natural resoures and reproduce more.
• 2)It shows how organisms are elemenated from nature.

Nature.

• Hypothessis formulation and testing.
• Tends to be more accurate then induction
• If then kind of format

• Looks at some specific examples and then draws some very broad and genral conclutions.
• Not as good as Deduction

• Observation
• Hypothesis
• testing
• results
• conclution

• Hypothesis
• 1) Is the more temperary one, a good hypothesis should be testable.
• Therory
• 1)Has been developed over time and supports data.

• Hierarchal in nature.
• Species names are in bionomials.
• Two part to each name(Genes, apithet)

• Bacteria
• Eukarya
• Archaea(which are all taxonomy catagories)

• Element
• 1)A substance that can not be changed to a simpler substance by a normal chemical reaction.
• 2)Atoms are the smallest unit of an element.
• Isotopes
• 2)Different forms of a particular elements are Isotopes.

• Protons are located in the nucleous and have a positive charge.
• Neutrons are located in the nucleous and have a negitive charge.
• Electrons are whirrling outside the nucleous and have no charge.

Protons.

Number of protons it has.

Protons and Neutrons it has combined.

Neutrons.

Electron.

• Hydrogen.
• Carbon.
• Oxygen.
• Nitrogen.

• Valence is unpaired electrons in the outermost shell.
• Duet Rule is it can only have two electrons.
• Octet Rule is two, three or higher electron shell.
• Duet and Octet are just different electron shells.

• Molarity is defining the consitration of a substance in a solution in terms of how many moles you have per liter of water.
• Avagadro's Number is 6.022x10 to the 23rd

Sharing electrons.

It gives up an electron.

Weak attractions between a hydrogen atom in one molecule and a electronegitive atom in a different molecule.

• Example:Ionic bonding resulting in sodium chloride.
• Reduction in oxidation.

An increase in negitive charge.

• Polar Covalent is the unequeal sharing of electrons.
• Nonpolar Covalent is the equeal sharing of electrons.
• Polar would be found in water.

• Cohesion.
• Adhesion.
• Surface Tension.
• High specfic heat.
• High heat of vaporization.
• Density changes.
• Solvent.

The amount of energy requierd to raise 1gr. of water by 1 degree c.

• One gram of any substance by 1 degree celsius.
• Water changes tempeture slowly.

Hydrogen bonds become more stable.

4 degrees celsius.

• Acid increases the hydrogen ion consintration.
• Base decreases the hydrogen ion consitration.

• As you move towards 0 you increasing acidity.
• A pH of 5 has a higher [H+] or is more acidic than pH of 7.

Keeps pH in a narrow range.

It has formed 4 covalent bonds.

• Hydrogen.
• Carbon.

• 1 of 2 or more chemical compounds having the same chemical formula but different structural formulas(same moleculer structure).
• Structure.
• Geometric.
• Enantiomers.

• Atoms or a group of atoms that basically replace one or more of these hydrogens.
• Hydrocarbons have no function group.

Amino acid.

They are large molecules formed by bonding together with covalently smaller molecules.

• They are formed by Condinsation and dehydration.
• Polysaccharides.
• Lipids.
• Polypeptides(protiens).
• Nuclic acids(polynucleotides).

• Monosaccharides:Polysaccharides.
• Amino acids:Polypetides(proteins).
• Nucleotides:Nucleic acids(Polynucleotides).

No because your losing hydrogens and oxygens.

• Ribose is RNA.
• Deoxyribose is DNA.
• There both pentose sugars.
• There different becuase of the one carbon.

It destingquishes one amino acid from another(reconigtion group).

Enamtiomers-left hand form.

• Primary is amino acid sequence as formed by polypetide bonding(the crbon is the end and the nitrogem is the start).
• Secondary is regular intervals og hydrogen bonding
• Tersheary is folds in on its self, becomes its functional form of the polypetide.
• Quarternary is 2 or more polypetides is the quarternary structure.

• Starch is plant storage.
• Glycogen is animal storage.
• Phospholipids are lipids that is in the main component of the plasma membrane.
• Steriods are lipids made up of a ring shaped molecule. Cholestrol and sex hormones are steriods.