PHARM CH2

Any chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a living organism

The study or science of drugs

describes the drugs chemical composition and molecular structure

nonproprietary name of a drug, usually shorter and simpler than the chemical name

proprietary name of a drug, is the drugs trademark, and indicates that its commercial use is restricted to the owner of the patent

A method of grouping drugs; may be based on structure or therapeutic use.

1st drug in a class of drugs, aka key drugs

drugs can be classified in 2 ways?

study of how various dosage forms influence the way in which a drug affects the body. Dosage form determines drug dissolution rate.

what the body does to the drug, involving the process of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion

the 4 processes in pharmacokinetics?

What is the study of the biochemical and physiologic interactions of drugs at their sites of activity? It examines the effect of the drug on the body.

3 phases of drug activity in order

focuses on the clinical use of drugs to prevent and treat diseases

the study of the adverse effects of drugs and other chemicals on the living system

The quality of being poisonous (i.e., injurious to health or dangerous to life).

study of natural drug sources i.e. plant & animal

the focus on the economic aspects of drug therapy, involves cost-benefit analysis

The process by which solid forms of drugs disintegrate in the gastrointestinal tract and become soluble before being absorbed into the circulation.

dosage forms that are administered via injection

the movement of a drug from its site of administration into the bloodstream for distribution to the tissues

A measure of the extent of drug absorption for a given drug and route (from 0% to 100%).

When a large proportion of a drug is chemically changed into inactive metabolites in the liver, then a much smaller amount of the drug will pass into circulation known as bioavailability. Such a drug is said to have a high?

3 basic routes of administration of drugs

route when the drug is absorbed into the systemic circulation through the mucosa of the stomach and/or small or large intestine.

Drugs administered by the ______ route are absorbed into the highly vascularized tissue under the tongue—the oral mucosa. These drugs are absorbed rapidly because the area under the tongue has a large blood supply. These drugs bypass the liver and yet are systemically bioavailable.

injections into the fatty tissue under the dermal layer of skin are referred to as?

injections under the more superficial skin layers immediately underneath the epidermal layer of skin and into the dermal layer are called?

injections given into the muscle beneath the subcutaneous fatty tissue are?

muscles have a greater blood supply than the skin, therefore drugs injected ______  are absorbed faster than drugs injected _____.

________ refers to the transport of a drug by the bloodstream to its site of action

An unbound (to a protein e.g. albumin) portion of a drug is pharmacologically _____ and is considered “free” drug, whereas “bound” drug is pharmacologically ____.

One or more biochemical reactions involving a parent drug; occurs mainly in the liver and produces a metabolite that is either inactive or active. Also known as metabolism.

These enzymes control a variety of reactions that aid in the metabolism of drugs. They target lipid-soluble drugs that are typically very difficult to eliminate.

Drug molecules that are the metabolic targets of specific enzymes are said to be ______ for those enzymes.

A transporter protein that moves drugs out of cells and into the gut, urine, or bile.

______ is the elimination of drugs from the body.

The excretion of drugs by the intestines is another route of elimination. This process is referred to as?

By definition, ____-____ is the time required for one-half (50%) of a given drug to be removed from the body. It is a measure of the rate at which the drug is eliminated from the body.

_____ _____refers to the physiologic state in which the amount of drug removed via elimination is equal to the amount of drug absorbed with each dose.

____ _____are the processes involved in the interaction between a drug and a cell  AKA mechanism of action

____ _____ are the physiologic reactions of the body to the drug. They can be therapeutic or toxic and describe how the body is affected as a whole by the drug.

A drug’s ____ __ ____ is the time required for the drug to elicit a therapeutic response.

A drug’s ____ _____ is the time required for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response.

The ______ __ _____ of a drug is the length of time that the drug concentration is sufficient (without more doses) to elicit a therapeutic response.

____ _____ highest blood level of a drug and _____ _____ lowest blood level of a drug.

The condition of producing adverse bodily effects due to poisonous qualities, occurs if the peak blood level of the drug is too high.

In _____ ____ _____, peak (highest) and trough (lowest) values are measured to verify adequate drug exposure, maximize therapeutic effects, and minimize drug toxicity.

The desired or intended effect of a particular medication.

A ______ can be defined as a reactive site on the surface or inside of a cell.

A drug that binds to and stimulates the activity of one or more receptors in the body are called _____. Whereas drugs that binds to and inhibits the activity of one or more receptors in the body are called ______. They are also called inhibitors.

______ are the substances that catalyze nearly every biochemical reaction in a cell.

A _____ for a medication is any patient condition, especially a disease state that makes the use of the given medication dangerous for the patient.

_____ ______ often involves more intensive drug treatment and is implemented in (those with rapid onset of illness or the critically ill.

A general term for any undesirable effects that are a direct response to one or more drugs.

The ratio between the toxic and therapeutic concentrations of a drug.

_____ is a decreasing response to repeated drug doses. Whereas ______ is a physiologic or psychological need for a drug.

____ _______occur when there is competition between two drugs for metabolizing enzymes, such as the cytochrome P-450 enzymes. 
Alteration in the pharmacologic or pharmacokinetic activity of a given drug caused by the presence of one or more additional drugs; it is usually related to effects on the enzymes required for metabolism of the involved drugs.

When two drugs with similar actions are given together, they can have _____ effects (1 + 1 = 2).

______ effects occur when two drugs administered together interact in such a way that their combined effects are greater than the sum of the effects for each drug given alone (1 + 1 = greater than 2).

______ effects are said to occur when the combination of two drugs results in drug effects that are less than the sum of the effects for each drug given separately (1 + 1 = less than 2).

Drug ______ occurs when two parenteral drugs or solutions are mixed together, and the result is a chemical deterioration of one or both of the drugs or the formation of a physical precipitate, haziness or color change.

_____ ____ ____ is a broad term for ANY undesirable occurrence involving medications. Can be mild to fatal

A ______ ____ is a preventable situation in which there is a compromise in the “Six Rights” of medication use. It may or may not cause harm.

Six rights of Medication Use

four phases collectively known as the medication use process?

An _____ ____ ____ is any reaction to a drug that is unexpected and undesirable and occurs at therapeutic drug dosages that occur within the patients body.

An ______ reaction involves the patient’s immune system. Immune system proteins known as immunoglobulins recognize the drug molecule, its metabolite(s), or another ingredient in a drug formulation as a dangerous foreign substance and triggers an immune response.

An _______ reaction is not the result of a known pharmacologic property of a drug or of a patient allergy, but instead occurs unexpectedly in a particular patient. Such a reaction is a genetically determined abnormal response to normal dosages of a drug.

The study of the influence of genetic factors on drug response that result in the absence, overabundance, or insufficiency of drug-metabolizing enzymes

______ is the most common blood protein and carries the majority of protein-bound drug molecules.

The barrier system that restricts the passage of various chemicals and microscopic entities (e.g., bacteria, viruses) between the bloodstream and the central nervous system. It still allows for the passage of essential substances such as oxygen.

The development of congenital anomalies or defects in the developing fetus caused by the toxic effects of drugs.

A hereditary condition in which red blood cells break down when the body is exposed to certain drugs.

Within an artery

Within a joint

Within a sheath

A chemical form of a drug that is the product of one or more biochemical reactions involving the parent drug.

_____ metabolites are those that have pharmacologic activity of their own, even if the parent drug is inactive, whereas _____  metabolites lack pharmacologic activity and are simply drug waste products awaiting excretion from the body

The chemical form of a drug that is administered before it is metabolized by the body into its active or inactive metabolites

An inactive drug dosage form that is converted to an active metabolite by various biochemical reactions once it is inside the body

_____ ____ w/in a tablet or capsule can make different dosage forms of the same drug dissolve at different rates, become absorbed at different rates, and thus have different times to onset of action.

The specific characteristics of a dosage form have a large impact on how and to what extent the drug is _____.

A patient is prescribed ibuprofen 200 mg PO every 4 hours as needed for pain. The pharmacy sends up enteric-coated tablets, but the patient refuses the tablets, stating that she cannot swallow pills. What will the nurse do?

A. Crush the tablets and mix them with applesauce or pudding.
B. Call the pharmacy and ask for the IV form of the medication.
C. Call the pharmacy and ask for the liquid form of the medication.
D. Encourage the patient to try to swallow the tablets.

Provides rapid onset (drug delivered immediately to bloodstream); allows more direct control of drug level in blood; gives option of larger fluid volume, therefore diluting irritating drugs; avoids first-pass metabolism

all indicative of complications of IV route are?

Provides relatively constant rate of drug absorption; one patch can last 1–7 days, depending on drug; avoids first-pass metabolism

The  ______ route is the fastest route by which a drug can be absorbed, followed by the _____ , and _____ routes.

If you were a nurse in the hospital and had the option of giving a medication that came in the form of oral or IV and you wanted the action of the med to begin sooner you would select the __ route.

The nurse is preparing to administer a transdermal patch to a patient and finds that the patient already has a medication patch on his right upper chest. What will the nurse do?

A. Remove the old patch and apply the new patch to a different, clean area.
B. Apply the new patch without removing the old one.
C. Remove the old patch and apply the new patch in the same spot.
D. Remove the old medication patch and notify the health care provider.

This route delivers medication directly to affected area; decreases likelihood of systemic drug effects

Drugs given by _____ route bypass the first pass effect, _____ drugs must be absorbed to cells and tissues from it's circulation before they concert their efforts.

The _____ are the organ most responsible for drug excretion, this means that if you 're caring for a PT who has _____ failure, you'd be aware that this PT will most likely have problems w/the _____ phase of pharmacokinetics

After approximately ____ half-lives, most drugs are considered to be effectively removed from the body.

A drug dose that delivers 500mg has a half-life of 2 hours, after 1 half-life, there should be _____ left of the drug in the body.

The nurse is giving a medication that has a high first-pass effect. The health care provider has changed the route from PO to IV. What can the nurse expect with the IV dose?

A. The IV dose will be lower because of the first-pass effect.
B. The rate of IV infusion must be faster due to first-pass effect.
C. The IV dose will be the same as the PO dose.
D. The IV dose will be higher because of the first-pass effect.

A patient is complaining of severe pain and has orders for morphine sulfate. The nurse knows that the route that would give the slowest pain relief would be which route?

A. IV
B. Subcutaneous
C. PO
D. IM