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what are the nonessential toxic trace elements (5)
- aluminum
- arsenic
- cadmium
- lead
- mercury
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what are the non essential trace elements? (7)
- zinc
- selenium
- molybdenum
- manganese
- iron
- copper
- chromium
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what are the effects of aluminum toxicity
- encephalopathy (stuttering, gait, disturbance)
- bone disease
- myopathy
- increased risk of infection
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how do you excrete aluminum
95% excreted in urine
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sources of arsenic
- wood preservative
- pesticides
- poison gases
- semiconductor processing
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how do you be exposed to arsenic
- ingested in seafood
- water
- drink
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what is the difference between inorganic and organic forms of arsenic
- organic arsenic: non toxic, clears rapidly
- inorganic arsenic: toxic, clears slowly, lethal
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what are the sources of cadmium
- pigment
- batteries
- metal plating
- burning of fossil fuels
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how can you be exposed to cadmium
inhaled in tobacco smoke, ingested in food
-
toxicity of cadmium
- renal dysfunction, nasal and lung damage, respiratory distress
- abdominal pain and nausea if ingested in great amounts
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chromium source
- stainless steel welding
- chrome plating
- leather tanning
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what is the function of chromium
maintain metabolism of glucose fat, cholesterol
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how is chromium absorbed
helps maintain metabolism of glucose, fat, cholesterol
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which is easier to be absorbed and which is more toxic forms of chromium
- Cr6: hexavalent, better to the absorbed, more toxic
- Cr3: trivalent, essential
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what happens if you have a deficiency of chromium
- glucose intolerance
- glycosuria
- hypercholesterolemia
- decreased longevity
- decreased sperm count
- impaired fertility
-
toxicity of chromium
- dermatitis
- skin ulcers
- eczema
- airway obstruction/irritation
- lung cancer
-
how is chromium absorbed
bound to transferrin, transported by albumin
-
deficiency in chromum
- glucose intolerance
- glycosuria
- hypercholeserolemia
- decreased longevity
- decreased sperm counts
- impaired fertility
-
toxicity in chromium
- skin problems: dermatitis, skin ulcers,eczema
- airway irritation: obstruction, lung cancer
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copper function in body
critical for reduction of iron in heme synthesis
-
how to be exposed to carbon
ingested in food
-
how to be absorbed in carbon
- 50-80% dietary intake
- excreted by feces, urine, sweat
-
deficiency in copper
- neutropenia
- osteoporosis
- decreased pigmentation of skin
-
difference between menkes disease and wilsons disease of copper
- menkes: genetic copper deficiency caused by copper transport disease
- Wilson's: copper accumulation disease. neurological disorders, liver disfunction kayser Fleischer rings (around the eye)
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Lead is found in
- storage batteries
- ammunition
- solder
- foils
-
Lead exposure
- respiratory
- gastrointestinal
-
lead absorption
- 30-40% inhaled
- variable in GI
- excretion: 76% in urine, 16% in feces
- 99% of lead is taken up by RBCs where it interferes with heme synthesis
-
toxicity of lead
- children: IQ declines, cognitive and behavioral problems
- adults: peripheral neuropathies, chronic renal insufficiency
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mercury absorption and exposure
- exposure: inhalation, ingestion (fish)
- absorption: 80% inhalation
-
toxicity of mercury
- inhaled vaper: nervous, digestive, and immune system
- inorganic salts: skin, eyes, GI tract and kidneys
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manganese function
enzyme activator, component of metalloenzymes
-
deficiency of manganese
- blood clotting defects
- hypocholesterolemia
- stunted growth in children
-
toxicity of manganese
- nausea
- disorientation
- compulsive laughing or crying
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molybdenum function and rarity
- rare
- component of at least 3 enzymes
-
absorption of molybdenum
25-80% dietary intake
-
deficienc and toxicity of molybdenum
- deficiency: death before age 1, inherited disorder, decreased brain weight
- toxicity: rare, linked to elevated uric acid in blood and increased gout
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selenium function
cellular antioxidant defense system against free radicals, involved in metabolism of thyroid hormones
-
absorption and exposure of selenium
- exposure: food, water
- absorption: dietary intake, excreted in urine, feces, sweat
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deficiency and toxicity of selenium
- deficiency: cardiomyopathy, muscle weakness, osteoarthritis
- toxicity: rare; only from 1 form of selenium not present in food
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zinc function
influences less than 300 enzymes and synthesis, participates in glycolysis and cholesterol metabolism
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absorption, transport and excretion of zinc
- absorption: small intestine
- transported: distributed between RBCs
- excreted:feces
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deficiency and toxicity of zinc
- deficiency: growth retardation, slow skeletal maturation, testicular atrophy, reduced taste perception
- toxicity: GI tract symptoms, decreased heme synthesis
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