Chem 1

the study of matter & the changes it undergoes

• Inorganic
• Organic
• Biochemistry
• Embalming Chemistry
• Thanatochemistry

• chemistry of all that is not organic.
• study of the metals & non-metals & their reactions
• things not derived from living things and things that do not contain carbon

• chemistry of carbon & carbon containing compounds
• chemistry of those things derived from once-living things

• chemistry of life
• involves all the living processes in health & disease, organice and inorganice are "applied" here

chemistry of the chemical processes involving dead organic substances in terms of decomposition & preservation

the study of those physical & chemical changes in the human body that are caused by the process of death

based on the decimal system, multiples of 10

1,000,000,000= billion

1,000,000=million

1,000=thousand

100=hundred

10=ten

0.1=tenth

0.01=hundreth

0.001=thousandth

0.000001=millionth

0.000000001=billonth

0.000000001=nano

0.000001=micro

mili=0.001

centi=0.01

deci=0.1

deka=10

hecto=100

kilo=1,000

mega=1,000,000

giga=1,000,000,000

• 1 m.=39.37 in.
• 1 in. = 2.54 cm.

• 1 liter= 1.06 quarts
• 1 fluid oz.=29.57 ml~30 ml
• 1 cc.=1cm3~ 1 ml.

• 1 Kg.=2.2 lbs.
• 1 oz.= 28.53 g.
• 1 lb.= 454 g.

a measure of quanity of matter a body contains

a measure of the gravitational attraction of the earth for the body

• the energy that causes there to be changes in matter
• measured in calories
• amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of one grams of water one degree C
• calories= # of grams of water X # degrees change in temperature

• measure the intensity of heat
• the hotness of coldness

used in most scientifice study

• is used in many mathematical formulas of chemistry
• 0 K. is absolute zero
• an abstract number
• when all things in the universe come to a halt

-K=`C + 273

C/ 100 = K/373

C/37 = K/310

C/0 = K/273

• the ability or capacity to do work.
• there are "2" basic types: potential energy and kinetic energy

• stored energy
• has the potential to do work

• food
• gasoline
• coiled spring
• battery

the energy of motion

• current of a river
• wood burning
• motor running

• energy associated with chemical reactions
• 2 types of chemical reactions from a chemical energy point of view
• Endothermic
• Exothermic

Absorbs heat (feels cool)

Releases heat (feels hot)

• heat
• light
• sound
• electrical

Energy is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction, only changed in form

Matter (Mass) is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction

• In any type of reaction, mass or energy can be neither created or destroyed; they can only be interconverted (change one to the other).
• interconverted (change to the other)
• nothing is lost in the reaction

anything occupies space

the signs/characteristics that serve to identify substances

• those characteristics of a substance as it exist in nature
• properties that can change without involving a charge in a chemical composition

• 1. See, touch, feel or descriptions- color, ordor, taste, boiling point, freezing point
• 2. State of matter-solid, liquid, or gas
• 3. Solubility-how well a substiance will dissolve in another
• 4. Density-the mass per unit volume or the mass of an object divided by it's volume
• 5. Specific Gravity- a ration of denisities
• 6. Viscosity- resistance to flow

• the mass per unit volume or the mass of an object divided by its volume
• mass/volume=Denisty
• things that are heavy tend to be more dense

• a ratio of densities
• the density of an object divided by the denisty of water
• the Specific Gravity of water=1
• if Specific Gravity of a substances is less 1 substance will float in H2O
• if Specific Gravity of a substance is greater 1 substance will sink in H2O

• resistance to flow
• blood is more viscous than water
• affects the boiling and freezing points

• the characterisitcs that are observed only when the substance undergoes a chemical change
• thereby changing the composition of the substances
• how it reactis with oxygen, water, acids, bases it's "reactivity"

• Solids
• Liquids
• Gases

• have a definte shape & volume, they do not flow
• particles are packed tightly together in an organized fashion

• melting
• Sublimation

changing states from solid to liquid, melting pt= freezing pt

changing states from solid to gas, skips the liquid state

have no definte shape but do have a definte volume, particles are farther apart than in solids

• Viscosity
• Surface Tension
• Diffusion
• Freezing
• Solidification
• Boiling
• Vaporization
• Crystallization
• Volatillity

• (physical & chemical)
• resistance to flow

the attraction of the molecules for each other at the surface of a liquid

the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

a change of state of matter from a liquid to a solid by the loss of heat

the ability of a liquid particles to the vapor state of forming bubbles through the action of heat

the rapid passage of liquid pacticles to the vapor state by forming bubbles through the action of heat

the physical change from a liquid to gas

the process by which a substance is given definite form

having the quality of being easily converted at a relatively low temperature from the liquid to the gaseous state

have no definte shape or volume and will always fill their container

• condensation
• vaporization
• diffusion
• liquefaction

a change in a state of matter from a gas to a liquid

gas particles spreading further out

liquid particles spreading further out

conversion of a solid or gas into a liquid

temperature and pressure

physical and chemical change

changes in the condition or state of a substances, only changing the physical characterisics, do not form new substances or change the composition

• changes that result in the formation of new substances
• occures only when a chemcial reaction takes places
• change the composition of the original substance
• lead to new chemical and physical properties

• p= boiling water, freezin water, breaking glass, sublimating dry ice
• c= decomposition, digestion of food, burning wood, rusting of a nail, cremation, embalming a body

• all matter can be divided into three compositional classes
• Elements-Compounds-Mixtures

the basic units of all matter, the building blocks

• there are now 118 known elements
• 90 of these are naturally occuring (can be found in the enviroment)
• the rest are man-made
• elements cannot be broken down (or decomposed chemically)
• you would no longer have an element
• a "chemical shorthand" gave ea. element a symbol known as "Atomic Symbol"
• usually an abbreviation of their names
• symbols are taken from the first letter of the name
• others must have two letter to distinguish them
• 1st letter always capitalized
• 2nd letter always in lower case
• some are from their latin names: Fe for Iron, K for Potassium

• identifies the element
• represents one atom of the element

Al

Br

Ca

C

Cl

Cu

F

He

H

I

Fe

Mg

Mn

Hg

N

O

P

Pt

K

Na

S