Chemistry water

water that won't easily form a lather

Ca 2+ and Mg2+ ions

they react with soap to form a scum

hardess that can be removed by boiling

• calcium hydrogen carbonate
• Ca(HCO3)2

• magnesium hydrogen carbonate
• Mg(HCO3)2

CO2 + H2O = H2CO3

a hardness that can't be removed by boiling

• calcium chloride (CL2)
• magnesium chloride
• calcium sulfate    (SO4)
• magnesium sulfate

Ion exchange

Taking ions that cause hard water and switching them for ions that don't

Hard water flows in the top

sodium ion transfer into water

calcium stays in resin

Resin pulls calcium and gives sodium

soft water comes out

ion exchange resins with a mixture of cation exchanger and anion exchanger remove all the ions from water

• -ve OH-
• +ve H+

De-ionized water still has all the dissolved ions in the water removed but still has gases etc.

whereas distilled water has all the dissolved solids and dissolved gases removed

• sedimentation
•       

flocculation

filtration

chlorination

fluoridation

PH adjustment

water is allowed to pass through beds of graded sand and gravel

water is pumped into the bottom of the sedimentation tanks, so as not to disturb the cleaner water at the top

The suspended particles settle to the bottom

causes the clumping of tiny particles, so that they fall to the bottom

using AlSO4 agent

chlorine and hypochlorite are added to form an active disinfecting agent in water

hexafluorusilic acid is added

strengthens tooth enamel to help prevent tooth decay

chemicals are added to raise or lower the PH of the water

dilute sulfuric acid

calcium hydroxide

will affect the taste of water and corrode water pipes

Can affect the taste and smell of the water/ too little water will carry diesese

can stain teeth

too much can cause hardness

Too much can corrode pipes