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Astrology
holds that the positions of the stars & planets at the time of one's birth determines personality & affects behavior
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Behaviorism
the school of psychology that empasizes the study of overt, observable behavior.
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biopsychologist
are interested in how behavior relates to biological processes, especially activities in the nervous system
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Case Study
in depth focus on all aspects of a single person
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Clinical psychologist
a psychologist who specializes in the treatment of psychological & behavioral disturbances
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Cognitive psychologist
are primarily intrested in thinking
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Comparative psychologist
study & compare the behavior of different species, especially animals
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Control group
In a controlled experiement, the group of subjectsw exposed to all experimental conditions or variables except the independent variable
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Correlation
The existance of a consistent, systematic relationship between two events, measures or variables
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Correlation Study
A nonexperiemental study designed to measure the degree of relationship (if any) between two or more events, measure or variables
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Counseling psychologist
a psychologist who specializes in the treatment of milder emotional & behavioral disturbances
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Counselor
A mental health professional who specializes in helping people with problems not involving serious mental disorders; for example, marriage counselors, career counselors, or school counselors
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Cortesy Bias
a tendency to give "polite" or socially desirable answers
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Covert Behavior
these are private, internal activities, such as thinking, dreaming, remembering, and other mental events
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Cultural psychologist
study the ways in which culture affects human behavior
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Cultural relativity
the idea that behavior must be judged relative to the values of the culture in which it occurs
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Dependent variable
In an experiement, the condition (usually a behavior) that is affected by independent variable
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Determinism
The idea that all behavior has prior causes that would completely explain one's choices & actions if all such causes were known.
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Developmental psychologist
the study of progressive changes in behavior & abilities from conception to death
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Evolutionary psychologist
Study of the evolutionary origins of human behavior patterns
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Experiment
A formal trail undertaken to confirm or disconfirm a hypothesis about cause & effect
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Experimental group
in a contolled experiment, the group of subjects exposed to the independent variable or experimental conditions
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Extraneous variables
Conditions or factors excluded from influencing the outcome of an experiment
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Frame of Reference
a mental perspective used to interpret events
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Free will
The idea that human beings are capable of freely making choices or decisions
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Funtionalism
The school of psychology concerned with how behavior & mental abilities help people adapt to their enviroments
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Gender psychologist
study differences between females & males
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Gestalt psychology
A school of psychology emphasizing studied thinking, learning & perception in whole units, not by analysis into parts
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Graphology
pseudopsychology claim that personality traits are revealed by handwriting
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Humanism
an approach to psychology that focuses on human expeience, problems, potentials & ideals
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Independent variables
in a experiment, the condition being investigated as a possible cause of some change in behavior. The values that this variable takes are chosen by the experimenter.
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Introspection
to look within, to examine one's own thoughts, feelings or sensations
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Learning theroist
study how & why learning occurs in humans & animals
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Observer bias
the tendency of an observer to distort observations or perceptions to match his or her expectations
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Observer effect
changes in an organism's behavior brought about by an awarness of being observed
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Overt behavior
directly observable actions & responses
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Palmist
a false system that calims that lines on the hand reveal personality traits & predict the future
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Personality theorist
study personality traits, motivation & individual differences
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Phernology
claimed that personality traits are revealed by the shape of the skull
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Placebo
An inacctive substance given in the place of a drug in psychological research or by physicians who wish to treat a complaint by suggestion
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Placebo effect
Changes in behavior due to a participants expectations that a drug (or other treatment) will have some effect
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Population
An entire group of animlas, people or objects belonging to a particular category (for example, all college students or all married women)
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Positive psychology
The study of human strengths, virtues, and effective funtioning
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Pseudopsychology
Any false & unscientific system of beliefs & practices that is offered as an explanation of behavior
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Psychiatric social worker
A mental health professional trained to apply social science principles to help patients in clinics & hospitals
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Psychiatrist
A medical doctor with additional training in the diagnois & treatment of mental & emotional disorders
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Psychoanalysis
A Freudian therepy that emphasizes the use of free association dream interpretation, resistances & transferences to uncover unconscious conflicts
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Psychoanalyst
A mental health professional (usually a medical doctor) trained to practice psychoanalysis
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Psychodynamic theory
Any theory of behavior, that emphasizes internal conflicts, motives & unonscious forces.
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Psychologist
A person highly trained in the methods, fcatual knowledge & theories of psychology
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Psychology
the scientific study of behavior & mental processes
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Random assignment
The use of chance (for example, flipping a coin) to assign subjects to experimental & control groups
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Representaive sample
a small, randomly selected part of a larger populations that accurately reflects characteristics of the whole populations
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Repression
the unconscious process by which memories, thoughts or impulses are held out of awareness
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Research method
a systematic approach to answering scientific questions
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Researcher bias
changes in particpants' behavior caused by the uninteded influence of a researcher's actions
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Self Image
Total subjective perception of one's body & personality (another term for self-concept)
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Self-Actualtization
the ongoing process of fully developing one's personal potential
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Self-evaluation
to apprasing yourself as good or bad
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Self-fullfilling prophecy
an expectation that prompts people to act in ways that make the expectation come true
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Sensation & perception-psychologist
investigate how we discern the world through our senses
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Social norm
rules that define acceptable & expected behavior for members of a group
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Stimulus
any physical energy sensed by an organism
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structuralism
the school of thought concerned with anyalyzing sensations & personal experience into basic elements
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Survey method
the use of public polling techniques to answer psychological questions
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unconscious
contents to the mind that are beyond awarness, especially impulses & desires not directly known to a person
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uncritical acceptance
the tendency to beleive generally positive or flattery descriptions of oneself
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Sigmund Freud
psychoanalytic approach and the unconscious
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Edward Titchener
structuralism & Introspection
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William James
Funtionalism
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Max Wertheimer
Gestalt psychology
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Carl Rogers & Abraham Maslow
Humanistic approach
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John B. Watson & B. F. Skinner
Behaviorism
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Abraham Maslow
Self-actualization
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Wilhem Wundt
Father of Psychology
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Who wrote the influential textbook on animal behavior titled "The Animal Mind"
Margret Washburn
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First woman to be awarded a Ph.D. in psychology
Margret Washburn
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Wrote the first psychology textbook titled "Principles of Psychology"
William James
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"Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own special world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might, select...
John B. Watson
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1rst African American Female awarded Ph.D. in Pscyholgy
Inez Beverly Prosser
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Bilogical Perspecitve/(1) major perspecitvie in modern psychology
(Biopsychological View)
- Human & animal behavior is the rsult of internal physical, chemical & biological processes.
- seeks to explain behavior through activity of the brian & nervous system, physiology, gentics, the endocrine system, & biochemistry; neutral, reductionistic, mechanistic view of human nature/
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Evolutionary View/(2) major perspecitvie in modern psychology
- Huaman & animal behavior is the result of the process of evolution.
- Seeks to explain behavior through evolutionary principles based on natural selction; neutral, reductionistic, mechanistic view of human nature
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Psychological Perspecitve/(3) major perspecitvie in modern psychology
Behavorist View
- behavior is shaped & controlled by one's enviroment
- Emphasizes the study of observable behavior & the effects of learning; stresses the influence of external rewards & punishments; neutral, scientific, somewhat mechanisitc view of human nature
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Congnitive View/(4) major perspecitvie in modern psychology
- much human behavior can be understood in terms of the mental processing of information
- Concerned with thinking, knowing, perception, understanding, memory, decision making, & judgment; explains behavior in termsw of information processing; neutral somewhat computer-like view of human nature.
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Psychodynamic View/(5) major perspecitvie in modern psychology
- Behavior is directed by forces withing one's personality that are often hidden or unconscious.
- Emphasizes internal impulses, desires, & conflicts-especially those that are unconscious; views behavior as the result of clashing forces withing personality; somewhat negative, pessimistic view of human nature.
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Humanistic View/(6) major perspecitvie in modern psychology
- Behavior is guided by one's self-image, by subjective perceptions of the world, and by needs for personal growth.
- Focuses on subjective, conscious experience, human problems, potentials, and ideals; emphasizes self-image & self-actualization to expalin behavior; positive, philosophical view of human nature.
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Sociolculture Perspective/(7) major perspecitvie in modern psychology
Socioculture View
- Behavior is influenced by one's social & cultural context.
- Emphasizes that behavior is related to the social & cultural enviroment within which a person is born, grows up, & lives from day to day; neutral, interactionist view of human nature
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7 major perspectives in modern psychology
- Biopsychological view
- evolutionary view
- behavioristic view
- cognitive view
- psychodynamic view
- humanistic view
- sociocultural view
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