PSY Chapter 1

holds that the positions of the stars & planets at the time of one's birth determines personality & affects behavior

the school of psychology that empasizes the study of overt, observable behavior.

are interested in how behavior relates to biological processes, especially activities in the nervous system

in depth focus on all aspects of a single person

a psychologist who specializes in the treatment of psychological & behavioral disturbances

are primarily intrested in thinking

study & compare the behavior of different species, especially animals

In a controlled experiement, the group of subjectsw exposed to all experimental conditions or variables except the independent variable

The existance of a consistent, systematic relationship between two events, measures or variables

A nonexperiemental study designed to measure the degree of relationship (if any) between two or more events, measure or variables

a psychologist who specializes in the treatment of milder emotional & behavioral disturbances

A mental health professional who specializes in helping people with problems not involving serious mental disorders; for example, marriage counselors, career counselors, or school counselors

a tendency to give "polite" or socially desirable answers

these are private, internal activities, such as thinking, dreaming, remembering, and other mental events

study the ways in which culture affects human behavior

the idea that behavior must be judged relative to the values of the culture in which it occurs

In an experiement, the condition (usually a behavior) that is affected by independent variable

The idea that all behavior has prior causes that would completely explain one's choices & actions if all such causes were known.

the study of progressive changes in behavior & abilities from conception to death

Study of the evolutionary origins of human behavior patterns

A formal trail undertaken to confirm or disconfirm a hypothesis about cause & effect

in a contolled experiment, the group of subjects exposed to the independent variable or experimental conditions

Conditions or factors excluded from influencing the outcome of an experiment

a mental perspective used to interpret events

The idea that human beings are capable of freely making choices or decisions

The school of psychology concerned with how behavior & mental abilities help people adapt to their enviroments

study differences between females & males

A school of psychology emphasizing studied thinking, learning & perception in whole units, not by analysis into parts

pseudopsychology claim that personality traits are revealed by handwriting

an approach to psychology that focuses on human expeience, problems, potentials & ideals

in a experiment, the condition being investigated as a possible cause of some change in behavior. The values that this variable takes are chosen by the experimenter.

to look within, to examine one's own thoughts, feelings or sensations

study how & why learning occurs in humans & animals

the tendency of an observer to distort observations or perceptions to match his or her expectations

changes in an organism's behavior brought about by an awarness of being observed

directly observable actions & responses

a false system that calims that lines on the hand reveal personality traits & predict the future

study personality traits, motivation & individual differences

claimed that personality traits are revealed by the shape of the skull

An inacctive substance given in the place of a drug in psychological research or by physicians who wish to treat a complaint by suggestion

Changes in behavior due to a participants expectations that a drug (or other treatment) will have some effect

An entire group of animlas, people or objects belonging to a particular category (for example, all college students or all married women)

The study of human strengths, virtues, and effective funtioning

Any false & unscientific system of beliefs & practices that is offered as an explanation of behavior

A mental health professional trained to apply social science principles to help patients in clinics & hospitals

A medical doctor with additional training in the diagnois & treatment of mental & emotional disorders

A Freudian therepy that emphasizes the use of free association dream interpretation, resistances & transferences to uncover unconscious conflicts

A mental health professional (usually a medical doctor) trained to practice psychoanalysis

Any theory of behavior, that emphasizes internal conflicts, motives & unonscious forces.

A person highly trained in the methods, fcatual knowledge & theories of psychology

the scientific study of behavior & mental processes

The use of chance (for example, flipping a coin) to assign subjects to experimental & control groups

a small, randomly selected part of a larger populations that accurately reflects characteristics of the whole populations

the unconscious process by which memories, thoughts or impulses are held out of awareness

a systematic approach to answering scientific questions

changes in particpants' behavior caused by the uninteded influence of a researcher's actions

Total subjective perception of one's body & personality (another term for self-concept)

the ongoing process of fully developing one's personal potential

to apprasing yourself as good or bad

an expectation that prompts people to act in ways that make the expectation come true

investigate how we discern the world through our senses

rules that define acceptable & expected behavior for members of a group

any physical energy sensed by an organism

the school of thought concerned with anyalyzing sensations & personal experience into basic elements

the use of public polling techniques to answer psychological questions

contents to the mind that are beyond awarness, especially impulses & desires not directly known to a person

the tendency to beleive generally positive or flattery descriptions of oneself

psychoanalytic approach and the unconscious

structuralism & Introspection

Funtionalism

Gestalt psychology

Humanistic approach

Behaviorism

Self-actualization

Father of Psychology

Margret Washburn

Margret Washburn

William James

John B. Watson

Inez Beverly Prosser

• Human & animal behavior is the rsult of internal physical, chemical & biological processes.
• seeks to explain behavior through activity of the brian & nervous system, physiology, gentics, the endocrine system, & biochemistry; neutral, reductionistic, mechanistic view of human nature/

• Huaman & animal behavior is the result of the process of evolution.
• Seeks to explain behavior through evolutionary principles based on natural selction; neutral, reductionistic, mechanistic view of human nature

• behavior is shaped & controlled by one's enviroment
• Emphasizes the study of observable behavior & the effects of learning; stresses the influence of external rewards & punishments; neutral, scientific, somewhat mechanisitc view of human nature

• much human behavior can be understood in terms of the mental processing of information
• Concerned with thinking, knowing, perception, understanding, memory, decision making, & judgment; explains behavior in termsw of information processing; neutral somewhat computer-like view of human nature.

• Behavior is directed by forces withing one's personality that are often hidden or unconscious.
• Emphasizes internal impulses, desires, & conflicts-especially those that are unconscious; views behavior as the result of clashing forces withing personality; somewhat negative, pessimistic view of human nature.

• Behavior is guided by one's self-image, by subjective perceptions of the world, and by needs for personal growth.
• Focuses on subjective, conscious experience, human problems, potentials, and ideals; emphasizes self-image & self-actualization to expalin behavior; positive, philosophical view of human nature.

• Behavior is influenced by one's social & cultural context.
• Emphasizes that behavior is related to the social & cultural enviroment within which a person is born, grows up, & lives from day to day; neutral, interactionist view of human nature

• Biopsychological view
• evolutionary view
• behavioristic view
• cognitive view
• psychodynamic view
• humanistic view
• sociocultural view