was the name given to any play presented at Corpus Christi.
Auto Sacramental
The nonreligious plays of the Spanish Golden Age were produced in public theaters known as
Corrales
Under what circumstances were women allowed as actors in the Spanish theater (after 1599)
If their husbands or fathers were members of the company
was the most prolific writer of the Spanish Golden Age, having written 470 to 1500 plays
Lope de Vega
The Spanish Renaissance made use of ________________________which is dialogue indicating locale
spoken decor
The full-length, secular dramas of the Spanish Golden Age were known as
comedias nuevas
One important figure in the development of secular theatre in Spain was
Lope de Rueda
In form, Spanish plays were very similar to ____________________________ plays
Elizabethan
Religious plays of the Spanish Renaissance were mounted on:
carros
In the late sixteenth century, autos sacramentales were performed by
professional troupes
Before the Corpus Christi festival, actors performing the autos were required to give a preview performance for
the King
the city council
The author-manager of a troupe was known as the
autor
Spanish secular dramas would be closest to the ____________ of today
melodramatic entertainment
One type of comedia was the ___________, which had a daredevil romantic quality
capa y espada
In comedia, the intermission featured interludes known as
entermeses
Lope de Vega wrote in a(n) _____________ style.
episodical
The equivalent of the Elizabethan groundlings in Spain were the
mosqueterors
Women attending the corrales sat in a separate gallery known as:
cazuela
A unique Spanish court entertainment was the __________, a stylized musical drama
zarzuela
Which of the following is true of Spanish acting troupes
All troupes had to be licensed
a nun, wrote secular dramas that were probably produced at the palace of governmental officials
Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz
t/f
Playwrights chose to specialize in either religious or secular drama, and did not write both types of plays
false
t/f
Comedias could contain both serious and comic elements
true
t/f
Lope de Vega lived at the same time as Shakespeare, and wrote in a similar form.
true
t/f
Both Lope de Vega and Calderon de la Barca were ordained priests
true
Shareholders in French acting companies were known as
sociétaires
married to Molière, was the leading actress in her husband's troupe.
Armande Béjart
At the beginning of the seventeenth century, French Theatre was most similar to
Italian
The man generally considered to be the first fully professional playwright in France was
Alexandre Hardy
by Jean Racine is one of the most famous French tragedies of all time.
Phaedra
The _________________________, a converted indoor tennis court, was competition for the Hôtel de Bourgogne
Théâter du Marais
The __________________________ is a government-supported French National Theater and was formed when Louis XIV merged two earlier troupes.
Comédie Française
Which of the following statements is true of the French Theatre?
Performances were generally in the afternoon or early evening.
In the mid-sixteenth century, a literary group known as the ____________ was formed to further writing and culture
Pléiade
by Molière caused a controversy because its title character is a religious hypocrite
Tartuffe
The _________________, completed in 1548, was the only permanent theater building in Paris for nearly a century
Hôtel de Bourgogne
which were housed in long, narrow buildings, were easily transformed into theaters in France
Indoor tennis courts
The head of the acting company was the _____________, the actor with the longest service in the troupe
doyen
French companies sometimes hired annually contracted actors known as
pensionnaires
The Renaissance arrived in France ______________ the rest of Europe
later than in
t/f
Italy was a strong influence on both politics and culture in France.
true
t/f
Court entertainment emerged in France in the last half of the sixteenth century.
true
t/f
Molière’s contrived plots are frequently resolved by a deus ex machine.
true
t/f
The Hôtel de Bourgogne is an example of a proscenium-arch theater
False
t/f
It was customary to allow spectators onstage during the late seventeenth century, French neoclassical era.
true
Nell Gwynn was an actress during the Restoration period, who specialized in
"breeches roles"
To whom did Charles II grant a monopoly on theatre?
Davenant and Killigrew
features extraordinary characters who undertake extraordinary deeds and contains themes of love and honor.
Heroic tragedy
Who was the first woman known to make her living as a playwright?
Aphra Behn
Writing such plays as The Country Wife, ________________ satirized the elegant society of Restoration England
William Wycherley
Who wrote The Way of the World?
William Congreve
What play has the "china closet" scene?
Country Wife
The type of theater space preferred during the Restoration was the:
proscenium stage
which was influenced by the French dramatist Molière, focuses on the fashions and foibles of the upper class
Comedy of Manners
Willaim Congreve’s ________________ is often considered a bridge between Restoration comedy and eighteenth-century, English sentimental comedy
The Way of the World
Catherine Trotter, Mary Piz, and Delariviere Manley, known collectively as the __________________, worked to increase the involvement of female playwrights in English theatre.
female wits
Which of the following is true of Restoration audiences:
They are thought to have spoken back to actors.
They purchased fruit from “orange wenches.”
They came to be seen, rather than to see the play
A favorite dramatic device in the Restoration was to have a woman dress as a man in parts known as
breeches roles
Under the ______________, London actors were hired for a specific period of time at a set salary, rather than depending on the profits and losses of the company.
contract system
Which of the following is true of the Restoration theater:
The stage was divided into two nearly equal halves.
How was the stage lit during the Restoration?
Windows provided sunlight.
Candles were placed above the stage.
Footlights were used
Restoration audiences were primarily composed of
the upper class.
t/f
During the Restoration it was an accepted, and commonly used, practice for playwrights to “borrow” from the works of other writers
true
t/f
Actresses appeared on the English stage during the Restoration period
true
t/f
Historically accurate costuming was used in Restoration theatres
false
t/f
The Restoration began in 1660.
true
t/f
William Wycherly wrote The Way of the World, considered a failure in its own time and now thought to be one of the best Restoration comedies
true
t/f
There was no apron stage in use during the Restoration
false
Parts of the corrales (public theatres in spain)
Escenario-stage
Patio (pit) for the mosqueters
Taburates- raised and fenced row of stools/benches
Grades- bleacher-style seating on each side of the patio
Cazuela ("stew pot") gallery at the back wall, opposite the stage (women sit there)
4th level- descenas ("attic")
Alojero- refreshment stands
Apasito- "theatre boxes" in the windows of surrounding houses
Rejas- windows in the lower level of the surrounding house
Spanish theatre there were only performances on
Sundays or feast days
How did Lope de Vega structure his plays?
3 acts
each act 1000 lines long
broke neoclassical rules
characterized by subject, not genre
has stock characters
Dominant social class in Japan
Samari
These Japanese plots came from mythology, history
Main character- Shite
Commoner- Kyogan
Companion- Truree
Noh theatre
The plays were in 5 categories
7-8 hour event
formally trained actors
ornate costumes/minimum props
Japanese theatre
Deals with warrior class
Sophisticated scenery
Musicians- shanisen
Bunraku
How many puppeteers?
3
1- head and right arm
2- left arm
3- feet
Most famous Bunraku theatre writer
Chikamatsu
Developed early 1600s. Combines elements of Bunraku, Noh, and Folk Theatre.
Kabuki
Women's roles that the men play
Omnogata
Louis XIV as Apollo
The sun king in the Battle of the Night
verse form in French- consists of a line with 12 syllables with major stresses on the 6th syllable
Alexandrine
What were the 5 major accomplishments of the Restoration stage?
1. the creation of theatre companies
2. introduction of women to the stage
3. development of the modern playhouse
4. movable scenery- chariot and pole
5. enlargement of theatrical programs to include music, dance, and other forms of accompaniment
Theatre Royal
Different stock characters in Spanish theatre
galán (young cavalier)
dama (lady)
caballero (gentleman)
barba (old man)
gracioso (comic character/witty fool, often servant to galán)
criada (lady’s maid)
(one-act plays, originally focusing on any of the seven sacraments of the Catholic Church. In time the term auto sacramental became associated with any play presented during the Corpus Christ festivities, whether or not they had anything to do specifically with the sacraments.
auto sacramentales
any secular play Spanish theatre
comedia
heavily decorated wagons that were moved around the city during performances, similar to the pageant wagons in medieval England
carros
Social Hierarchy and Racial Situation in New Spain (Mexico) in 1600s
The Spanish were at the top of the pyramid and jealously guarded their power and prestige.
The Criollos, people of Spanish descent born in Mexico, frequently enjoyed great wealth, but were always extremely conscious that the Spanish looked down upon them.
The Mestizos, people of mixed Spanish and native ancestry, inhabited an uncomfortable gray area in Mexican society: they were neither accepted by the Spanish and Criollos, nor by the native peoples.
Finally, the native peoples of what came to be called Mexico lived in both nomadic and sedentary cultures, which were slowly wiped out.
The famous debate in Spain between Las Casas (a Dominican priest) and Sepulveda (The status of the indigenous population (Amerindians) in “New Spain” was contentious in Spanish society
n 1550, there was a famous debate in Spain between Las Casas and Sepulveda regarding the justification of the Spanish conquest of the Amerindians. The question being debated was whether or not the Amerindians were capable of self-governance or were they “natural slaves”. No definitive answer was reached.
spanish corral
genre of Spanish plays
cape and sword” plays
peasants attempting to secure justice
wife-murder plays (Justice without Revenge)
religious or Bible subjects (Acting is Believing)
history plays
spectacles
plays about physically or spiritually grotesque characters
plays highlighting magic or illusion
types of people in japanese theatre
hite (principle actor)
waki (secondary actor)
tsure (follower of the shite and waki)
brief farcical plays performed as interludes between noh plays
kyōgen
noh stage configuration
o mirror room
o bridgeway
o pine backdrop
o musicians area
o stageo four pillars
shite pillar
gazing pillar
waki pillar
flute pillar
chorus area
noh theatre configuration
noh dramas fall into 5 categories:
plays about gods
plays about warriors
plays about women
miscellaneous plays about madness or spirits/contemporary times (when written)
plays about demons
Neoclassical ideals
three Unities (time—less than 24 hours; place—1 locations/could get to locations realistically within 24 hours; and action—one plot line/no subplots)
verisimilitude (true to real life; offstage violence; no gods or supernatural characters)decorum (propriety; no crude language; preoccupation with rank; tragedy focuses on nobility; comedy focuses on non-nobles)
genres (tragedy and comedy not mixed.
5 act structure for tragedies.)
Théâtre du Palais Cardinal/Théâtre du Palais-Royal
raked stage
parterre (pit)
loges (boxes)
paradis (“heavens”)
gallery (seating that rose above the boxes opposite the stage)
often-used background for tragedy that was a kind of neutral, formal space)
palais á volonté/”palace to order”
often-used background for comedy which showed domestic architecture, usually indoors
chamber á quarte portes/”a room with 4 doors”
a character in a play embodying an author's viewpoint, such as Cléante in Tartuffe)
raisonneu
a small theatre group Moliere formed in 1643 with some colleagues, many of whom were members of the Béjart family of actors
Illustre Théâtre
In 1665, Moliere’s company was given the title “The King’s Troupe”
Armande Béjart
Moliere’s wife
Public theatres had been closed for 18 years under Puritan rule
The Interregnum
Although they ultimately uphold the status quo, these plays scrutinize and ridicule upper-class society’s manners and rules of behavior)
comedy of manners
mental sharpness and inventiveness; keen intelligence; a natural aptitude for using words and ideas in a quick and inventive way to create humor
wit
a radical treatise exposing the inequalities of early modern marriage practices.
Mary Astell and A Serious Proposal to the Ladies (1694), Some Reflections upon Marriage (1700),
actors would specialize in particular types of characters: heroic lead, comic lead, male heavy, female heavy, utility player, etc.)
line of business
actors taking opportunities to play downstage, on the apron, directly to the audience
pointing
a performance when an actor received the entire profit, minus the operating expenses of the house
benefit performance
Run by Thomas Killigrew until forced out in 1677 and replace by son, Charles Killigrew.
King’s Company (1660-1682):
Run by Sir William Davenant, until death in 1668, then by Thomas Betterton & Henry Harris (then William Smith) until Charles Davenant (son) comes of age
Duke’s Company (1660-1682):
the first recorded public performance by an actress
1660: Margaret Hughes plays Desdemona in a production of Othello at the Vere Street Theatre
role types english restoration
The Rake: male role; reputation for womanizing; witty, sexually appealing
The Fop: male role; foolish, overly concerned with fashion/appearance, thinks he is witty
Breeches Role: female role; dressed in male attire; showing woman’s leg considered sexually risqué
actress and mistress to Charles II
Nell Gwyn (1650-87)
Barry was the original Mistress Marwood in The Way of the World
Elizabeth Barry (1658-1713)
in Aphra Behn’s The Widow Ranter (1689) set in the colony of Virginia.Bracegirdle was the original Mistress Millamant in The Way of the World
Anne Bracegirdle
The Diary of Samuel Pepys 1660-1669
theatre stuff we know
Dorset Garden Theatre (1671)
proscenium
apron
pit
boxes
galleries
graded seating prices and seating zones
The Glorious Revolution
Catholic King James II deposed in 1688, replaced by Protestant Queen Mary II and King William III. Constitutional monarchy put in place.
a pretty actress placed at center stage on a bed or couch, with the scene requiring her to be asleep or in a state of undress
couch scene
specially in tragedies, this became a prominent (increasingly explicit) feature, which seemed intended to sexualize female characters who were considered virtuous/sexually pure
rape scene
Short essay- ways in which plays were censored. 3 different eras
Inez de la Cruz- was forced to give up her writing. guy didn't like her. too political
Restoration- women to be in troupe need to be married or daughter of someone in the troupe. cannot have legs seen.
ADD ANOTHERRR
controversy over whether neoclassical or not
french play
Le Cid
The years in which theatre was shut down in england
1642-1660
what thought congreve was an immoral playwright?
short view immorality of stage
noh theatre
where were musicicans
onstage
mayan text pre columbian
rabinal achi
plays where performers directly engaged audience
asides, pointing, audience onstage
- way of the world- prologue directly addressing audience
- house of trials- many asides
where all performers male
all japanese theatre
ex. of cross dressing in plays
country wife- women dressed as men
house of trials- men dressed as women
which plays had government funding
moliere's theatre company- king's company
fuente a vuna
who did it? fuente a venua
brittanicus is about
power
emperpero nero and mother- apraphina
nero enjoys watching who suffer?
brittanucius and junia
plays in which characters watch other characters
tartuffe- hiding under table, closet
country wife- china scene
metatheatrical elements in plays
way of the world- talking pretense
plays in prose
country wife
way of the world
playwrights who were also actors
Moliere
died after 4th performance of Imaginary Invalid
2 playwrights in holy orders
Lope de Vega
Inez de la cruz
The two companies of Killegrew and Davedant merged to