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functions of the urinary system
- filter metabolic wastes
- regulate water content
- storage + transport of urine
- maintain pH balance and BP
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describe the location of the kidney
behind the abdominal organs, near the back
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kidney
filters metabolic wastes from blood, controls BP, regulates water content
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renal sinus
filled with urine draining structures
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renal pelvis
- urine collection system where major calyces drain into
- innermost part
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renal hilus
area where artery/vein/ureters enter and exit
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ureter
transports urine from kidneys to bladder
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urinary bladder
holds urine until it can be voided
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trigone
- smooth triangular region of internal urinary bladder
- formed by two ureteric orifices and internal urethral orifice
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urethra
area from which urine exits the body
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external urethral sphincter
relaxation allows for micturition, voluntary control
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renal capsule
dense irregular CT covering each kidney
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renal cortex
outermost region, where renal columns pass through
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renal medulla
middle region, medullary pyramids with collecting tubules found here
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medullary/renal pyramid
- house nephrons
- separated by renal columns
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renal papilla
tip of the renal pyramid
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renal column
- house blood vessels that branch from renal artery
- pass through renal medulla toward renal pelvis
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renal artery
- arises off of abdominal aorta
- supplies kidney with blood
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renal vein
drain the kidney and connect it to IVC
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list the branching of the renal artery back to renal vein
- renal artery
- segmental artery
- interlobar artery
- arcuate artery
- interlobular artery
- peritubular capillaries
- interlobular vein
- arcuate vein
- interlobar vein
- renal vein
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nephron
- functional unit of kidney
- filters blood to regulate chemical concentrations and produce urine
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collecting duct
- where the distal tubule empties into
- further modifies the filtrate
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minor calyx
first urine draining structure at the tip of the papilla
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major calyx
urine from 3-4 minor calyces drain into this
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afferent arteriole
blood enters glomerulus through this
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glomerulus
- where blood gets filtered
- fenestrated capillaries = super leaky
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efferent arteriole
blood exits glomerulus through this
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peritubular capillaries
- supply blood to proximal + distal tubules + nephron loops through interstitial fluid
- located in CORTICAL NEPRHON
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vasa recta
- supply blood to loop of Henle
- located in JUXTAMEDULLARY NEPHRON
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glomerular (bowman’s) capsule
outer sheath of epithelial tissue around glomerulus
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parietal layer of glomerulus
- outer layer
- simple squamous epithelium
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capsular space of glomerulus
where filtrate of blood is collected
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visceral layer of glomerulus
- podocytes - modified epithelial cells
- they wrap around glomerular capillaries and their pedicels (foot processes) form filtration slits
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proximal convoluted tubule
newly formed filtrate modified here through absorption and secretion
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nephron loop (loop of Henle)
important to concentrated urine
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descending limb of loop of Henle
- permeable to water
- thin segment
- simple squamous with few microvilli
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ascending limb of loop of Henle
- permeable to solute
- thick segment
- simple cuboidal with no microvilli
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Distal convoluted tubule
- in cortex
- absorption + secretion
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mucosa of ureter is made of
- transitional epithelium
- allows for stretching
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Mucosa of urinary bladder is made of
- transitional epithelium
- allows for stretching, holds 700-800 mL of urine
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muscularis of ureter
- smooth muscle
- propels urine by peristalsis
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muscularis of urinary bladder
- smooth muscle
- contracts to expel urine
- forms circular band around urethral opening (internal urethral sphincter)
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glomerular filtration
movement of fluid from blood to capsular space of Bowman’s capsule
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tubular reabsorption
moves wanted substances from filtrate in tubule back into blood through IF
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tubular secretion
moves unwanted substances from blood back into tubule for removal from body
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physical characteristics of urine
- yellow-amber in color
- mild smell when fresh
- normal pH is 4.6-8
- usually clear or slightly cloudy
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What is benedicts test used for
sugar in the urine
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What is Biuret test used for
proteins in the urine
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Albuminuria
- protein in urine
- sign of kidney disease bc healthy kidneys don’t let albumin pass through
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Bilirubinuria
- presence of bile pigment in urine
- indicates liver disease or damage
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Glycosuria
- glucose in urine
- due to excess plasma glucose bc of diabetes
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Hematuria
- blood in urine
- due to infection or injury
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Hemoglobinuria
- presence of free hemoglobin in the urine
- usually associated with hemolytic anemia, where RBCs are destroyed
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Ketonuria
- ketone bodies in urine
- seen during starvation or Type I DM
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Pyuria
- presence of pus in urine
- bc of bacterial infection
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Calculi
- kidney stones
- crystallization of Ca/Mg/uric acid salts
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Casts
tiny tube shaped particles made of WBCs/RBCs/Kidney cells/proteins/fats
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Renal response to blood pressure increasing
afferent arteriole dilates while efferent arteriole constricts > glomerular filtration rate stays the same
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effect of pressure on filtration rate
increasing BP > increasing filtration
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renal response to respiratory problems
- alkalosis/high pH > renal system retains H+, excretes HCO3-
- acidosis/low pH > renal system retains HCO3-, excretes H+
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respiratory response to metabolic acidosis
decreased pH stimulates medulla to increase ventilation > hyperventilation > increases loss of CO2 > less carbonic acid > pH increases
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scrotum
- sac like structure that encloses, protects, and regulates temperature of testes
- made of skin, CT, and smooth muscle
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testis
produces sperm cells + secretes testosterone + inhibin
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epididymis
- site of sperm maturation and storage
- moves sperm cells to vas/ductus deferens
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spermatic cord
- extends from the scrotum
- tube made of layers of fascia and contains vas/ductus deferens
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vas (ductus) deferens
- stores sperm
- moves sperm to ejaculatory duct
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seminal vesicles
- secrete alkaline fluid with nutrients, prostaglandins, and coagulating enzyme that supports sperm
- enhance motility of sperm
- maintain semen in female reproductive tract after ejaculation
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ejaculatory duct
tansports sperm from ductus deferens into urethra
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prostate gland
- secretes slightly alkaline fluid with nutrients and several components that support sperm
- help activate sperm for fertilization
- function as an anticoagulant
- immunological functions
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prostatic urethra
transports semen out of penis
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bulbourethral gland (cowper’s)
- secretes mucus to lubricate glans penis
- neutralizes acidic traces of urine in urethra
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