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What are the mose common reasons for a primary care visit?
Bacterial infections
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_______ decreases mortality and morbidity, but overuse and abuse can lead to drug resistance
Antiinfectives
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What are the two classifications of Bacterial Species?
Gram Positive Bacteria and Gram Negative Bacteria
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What is the difference between gram positive and gram negative bacteria?
- Gram positive bacteria cells have thick cell walls.
- Gram negative bacteria cells have thinner cell walls.
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How do Clinicians identify the type of bacteria cell?
- Gram positive bacteria have thick cell walls.
- Gram negative bacteria have thinner cell walls
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What is Gram staining used for?
Gram Staining helps clinicians differientiate between gram neg and gram pos bacteria.
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Under a microscope how does gram stained bacteria show up?
- Gram positive bacteria hold on the the violet color of the gram stain.
- Gram negative bacteria lose the purple color and look pink.
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How are bacteria classified based on their shape?
- Bacilli- rod shape bacteria.
- Cocci- spherical-shaped bacteria.
- Spirilla- spiral-shaped bacteria.
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Coccus bacteria
Plural= cocci
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Spirillum
Plural=Spirilli
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Total Coliforms
One of the many groupes of rod shaped bacteria
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Fecal Coliforms
A group of coliform bacteria that resides in the intestines of warm blooded animals.
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E. coli
A single species of fecal coliform bacteria
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Gram positive bacteria
- Staphlococcus aureus (grape clusters)
- Streptococcus agalactiae (purple string of round balls)
- Streptocuccus pneumonia (purple strings of figure 8s with yellow outlining)
- Listeria monocytogenes (purple capsules)
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Gram Negative Bacteria
- Neisseria meningitidis (Pink half-circles)
- Haemophilus influenzae
(Pink short capsules) - Klebsiella pneumoniae (Pink medium capsules yellow outline)escherichia coli (Pink long capsules)
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Aerobic bacteria
- Pathogens that thrive in an oxygen rich environment.
- example: Pseudomonas & Neisseria Gonorrhea
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Anarobic Bacteria
- Bacteria that thrives best in an environment WITHOUT oxygen.
- example: C Difficil & C Tetanus
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Antibacterial Agents
Antibacterial agents are drugs that kill or INHIBIT the growth of bacteria
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Bavteriostatis Drugs
statics- INHIBIT the growth of bacteria
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Bacteriocidal Drugs
cidals- KILL the bacteria
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Examples of bacteriostatic drugs include:
- Chloramphenicol
- Erythromycin
- Clindamycin
- Sulfonamides
- Trimethoprim
- Tetracyclines
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Examples of bactericidal drugs include:
- Aminoglycosides
- Beta-lactams
- Vancomycin
- Quinolones
- Rifampin
- Metronidazole
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Antibacterials
Will either have a bacteriostatic or bactericidal effect.
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Depending on the dose, drug can have both effects.
Bacteriostatic drugs at _____ doses
Lower
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Depending on the dose, drug can have both effects.
Bacteriocidal drugs at ______ doses
Higher
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Narrow spectrum antibiotics are primarily effective against _____ type of organism
ONE
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Broad spectrum antibiotics are effective against a wide ____ of microbes. They are used when we don't know what the offending organism is.
Variety
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________ are common after the natural flora is destroyed.
Superinfections
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Superinfections are _____ caused by broad spectrum antibiotics and can be _____ or _____ overgrowth.
- Frequently
- Bacterial, Fungal
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Thrush or vaginal ______ are common Superinfections.
Educate patients to ingest buttermilk or yogurt to help prevent these infections.
- Yeast.
- Educate patients to ingest buttermilk or yogurt to help prevent these infections.
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Clostridium Difficile Colitis (C. Difficile)
Signs and Symptoms include:
- Severe abdominial cramps and pain
- watery diarrhea
- fever
- May occur several weeks after discontunuance od the antibiotic.
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What oral antibiotic is prescribed to treat severe cases of C. Diff
Metronidazole (Flagyl)
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Resistance to antimicrobials is a growing health concern caused by
the overuse and inappropriate use of antimicrobials.
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55% of all antimicrobials prescribed by PSP for acute respiratory infection were
Not warranted
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Drug-resistant organisms emerge_____ and _____
faster and differ from one community to the next and can change rapidly
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____ Spectrum Antibiotics are more prone to developing resistance than _____ Spectrum antibiotics
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Campaign to Prevent Antimicrobial Resistance basic guidelines include:
- Infection Prevention
- Vaccines
- Limit invasive devices such as catheters
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In order to ____ and _____ effectively, target the pathogen and select the correct medications using _______ and _____
- Diagnose and treat
- Culture and Sensitivity
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Use antimicrobials______
Wisely
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Access infectious disease experts as needed to _____, not contamination
Treat infections
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False positives are a result of_____ ______ being contaminated
Culture samples
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Use the strongwst agent as a ______ resort.
LAST
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_______is effective agent MRSA, and we should _____ use if possible
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The campaign to prevent Antimicrobial Resistance is to _____ Infections by _______ Transmission
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______ and ____ testing can ber done to determine sensitivity
Culture and Sensitivity
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When a bacteria is ______ to a drug, the organism is inhibited or destroyed by that drug.
Sensitive
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Sensitivity testing is done to ________ the ______ antibiotic based on the culture.
Determines the appropriate
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Categories of Antibacterial Drugs: Antibiotics
- Bacterial Spectrum
- -broad
- -narrow
- Route of Admission
- -Injectable
- -Oral
- Type of Activity
- Bactericidal- kills the bacteria
- Bacteriostatic- inhibits the growth of bacteria
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Penicillins is the _____ _____ agent against gram ______ bacteria.
- Most effective agent
- Gram positive
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Penicillins can be _____ against certain gram ____ bacteria.
effective agains some grem negative
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Depenting on the individual penicillin agent some are _______ ________ and some are _______ _____.
Narrow spectrum and Broad spectrum
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______ is the adverse effect of penicillin and risk of toxicity is ______
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Penicillin G
Procaine pneumococcial pneumonia
Benzathine Upper Respiratory Infection
-
-
-
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Amoxicillin/Clavulanate (Augmentin)
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Amoxicillin plus Potassium Clavulanate
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