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List the characteristics of life...there are 7
(Know an example of each)
- nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids...(ex. DNA)
- composed of cells...(ex. red blood cells)
- grow & reproduce...(ex. humans)
- use energy and raw materials...(ex. food, leaves to eat by monkeys)
- respond to their environments...(ex. lizard sees food, catches it and eats it)
- maintain homeostasis...(ex. humans maintain temp of 98.5 degrees)
- Populations evolve and have adaptive traits...(ex. orchid lives on a tree branch)
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Name the 3 domains of Organisms
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Describe the general characteristics of the organisms in each domain
- Bacteria- cells w/o a nucleus; many things that cause infections
- Archaea- cells w/o a nuleus; live in extreme environments and have some odd characteristics
- Eukarya- cells w/ a nucleus; more complex organisms. Humans are found here
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What are the 3 levels of organization of life?
- cellular level
- organismal level
- populational level
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Define: the cellular level
(give an example)
- contains: atoms, molecules, macromolecules, organelles, and cells
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Define : the organismal level
(give an example)
tissues, organ systems, organisms
ex. a human
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Define: the populational level
(give an example)
population, species, community, ecosystem
ex. plants, soil, water, humans
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Define: Matter
anything that takes up space and has mass
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Define: atom
units of matter that can't be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means
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Define: element
a "pure" form of matter containing only one kind of atom
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Where is an electron located in an atom?
outside the nucleus (outsermost shell)
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Where is a neutron located in an atom?
the nucleus
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Where is a proton located in an atom?
the nucleus
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A.) What is a protons mass?
B.) What is a protons charge?
- A.) 1 atomic mass unit
- B.) positive
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A.) What is an electrons mass?
B.) What is an electrons charge?
- A.) so small we consider it "0"
- B.) negative
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On the periodic table, what does the atomic # mean?
tells you how many protons are in the element
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On the periodic table, what does the mass # mean?
tells you the mass #.... # of protons + # of nuetrons
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How are negative ions generated?
there are FEWER protons than electrons in the atom
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How are positive ions generated?
there are MORE protons than electrons in the atom
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Define: isotope
atoms that have the same # of protons but different # of neutrons
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How do isotopes occur?
they are naturally occuring and can also be man made
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What are 3 uses of isotopes?
medical, nuclear power, nuclear weapons
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How is an ionic bond formed?
the transfers of electrons from one atom to another
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How is a polar covalent bond formed?
electrons in a covalent bond are shared unequally
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How is a nonpolar covalent bond formed?
electrons are shared equally!
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What are electron shells?
3D shell that electrons move around
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What is a single covalent bond?
2 electrons are shared between atoms
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What is a double covalent bond?
4 electrons are shared between atoms
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What is a triple covalent bond?
6 electrons are shared between atoms
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How do polar covalent bonds lead to hydrogen bonding in water?
oxygen takes on a slightly positive charge and the hydrogen atom takes on a slightly negative charge
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List the unique properties of water
- 1. excellent solvent
- 2. prevents drastic changes in body temp
- 3. High heat of vaporization
- 4. High surface tension
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Define: pH
the measure of the amount of hydrogen ions in a solution
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Define: acid
- the amount of H in a solution
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Define: base
- the amoun of OH in a solution
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Define: buffers
- keep pH levels from changing drastically
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How do buffers work to maintain pH?
- obsorbs excess H+ or OH-
- releases extra H+ or OH-
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Define: hydrolysis
the insertion of water to break a chemical bond
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Define: dehydration synthesis
the reaction that bonds 1 monomer covalently to another releases H2O: 1 monomer donates OH, the other donates H
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What 6 elements make up most biologically important molecules?
C H O N P S
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur
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For proteins define: amino acids
building blocks of proteins
consists of: central atom bound to an H atom, an amino acid group (NH2), an acidic carboxyl group (COOH) and a side chain
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For proteins define: primary structure
- the sequence of amino acids in a protein
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For proteins define: Secondary structure
the initial folding of the amino acid
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For proteins define: tertiary structure
- held together by hydrogen, ionic, and covalent bonds between amino acids
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For Proteins define: Quaternary structure
- the combining of the assembled subunits
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For proteins define: denaturation
changes in the environment of a protein. such as increased heat or changes in pH can ause the molecule to unravel and lose its 3D shade ....... egg > cook with heat, changes its structure
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How are peptide bonds formed?
- a C atom and a N atom are brought together by hydration synthesis
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Define and give the 2 types of secondary structure of proteins
Alpha helix - coils formed in the amino acid chain (looks like a spring)
- Beta sheets - folds formed within the amino acid chain (looks like folded paper)
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How do enzymes work to decrease the energy required to perform a chemical reaction?
act upon a substrate to ensure the substrates are in proper position for reaction to occur
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Define: nucleotide
- building blocks of nucelic acids
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Define: nucleic acid
polymers that serve as the genetic material (DNA) & copies of the genetic material (RNA)
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What is the importance of ATP?
ENERGY
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What is the difference between DNA and RNA?
DNA - double stranded, deoxyribose, thymine
RNA - single stranded, ribose, uracil
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For carbohydrates define: monosaccharide
( give 2 examples )
simple sugars, the smallest of the sugars
- -glucose
- -fructose
- -galactose
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For Carbohydrates define: oligosaccharide
( give 2 examples )
short chains of sugars linked together by dehydration synthesis
- -lactose
- -maltose
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Define: polysaccharide
( give 4 examples )
largest of the sugars ... are many many many monosaccharides linked together
- - glycogen
- - cellulose
- - chitin
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What is the structure for triglycerides?
one molecule of glycerol and 3 fatty acids
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What is the structure for phospholipids?
- made up of the glycerol bonded to 2 fatty acids
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What is the structure of steroids?
made up of 4 carbon rings attached to molecules
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What is the function of phospholipids?
builds the bulk of the strcuture of the cell membrane
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What is the function of triglycerides?
- glycerol molecule linked to 3 long chains of fatty acids
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What is the function of steroids?
- anti-inflammatory
- muscle building
ex. cortisol, anabolic
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What are nonsaturated fats?
bonds that aren't completely saturated with hydrogen
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What are saturated fats?
all available bonds are saturated with H
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What are trans fats?
unsaturated fats that are treated with MORE H to have a more solid structure
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What is the difference between saturated fats, unsaturated fats, and trans fats?
saturated fats are compressed tightly and are solid
unsaturated fats aren't compressed as tightly and are more fluid
- trans fats are unsaturated fats compressed a little more to make them more solid
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define: phospholipids
- glycerol bonded to 2 fatty acids and negatively charged phosphate group
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Be able to solve a problem like this on test
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Give 4 examples of polysaccharides
- starch
- glycogen
- cellulose
- chitin
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How small are eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
- measured in micrometers prokaryotic = 1-10 across
- eukaryotic = 10-100 across
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Define : surface to volume ratio
the small size of a cell is shown by a physical relationship
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Why does surface to volume ratio limit the size of cells?
- small cell is more efficiant
- quicker with a small cell
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What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
- P > circular, absent in membrane-bound organelles, bacteria, archaea
- E > coiled, present in membrane-bound organelles, plants, animales, fungi
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What is the structure and function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
tubular structure that LACKS ribosomes
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What is the structure and function of rough endoplasmic reticulum?
- ribsomes attached to its surface
- modifying proteins made by the ribsomes
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What is the structure and function of the Golgi body?
inter connected membranous sacs
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What is the structure and function of the plasma membrane?
- outer covering of the cell
- communication, structure and transport
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What is the structure and function of the nucleus?
double membrane
- genetic info is organized
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What is the structure and function of intermediate filaments?
- ropelike fibers
- fills in space
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What is the structure and function of centrioles?
- conductor of the microtubule
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What is the structure and function of flagella?
- resembles a whip
- used to propel sperm cells
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What is the structure and function of cilia?
- short hairlike extension on cell surface
- sweeps away debris
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What is the structure and function of microtubules?
- straight hollow rods
- structure and movement
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What is the structure and function of microfilaments?
- solid rods
- in muscle contraction
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What is the structure and function of chloroplasts?
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What is the structure and function of mitochondria?
- have their own DNA and ribosomes, 2 membranes(1 outer , 1 inner)
- produces energy
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What is the structure and function of ribosomes?
- in cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
- protein synthesis starts here
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What is the structure and function of lysosomes?
- roughly spherical organelles, the cells stomach, recycles
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What is the structure and function of the cell wall?
- to provide structure and shape to the cell
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Define: exocytosis
- opposite of endocytosis. Large molecules leave the cell
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Define: endocytosis
- cells finds something and takes it in
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Define: receptor-mediated endocytosis
- a cells engulfs something thinking its good b/c of the protein attached to the receptor
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Define: hypotonic
- more water moves IN the bag than out = making it expand
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Define: hypertonic
- more water moves OUT of the bag than in = making the bag shrivel
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Define: isotonic
- water and solute outside the bag are the same as inside = remain the same
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Define: osmosis
- diffusion involves water molecules
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Define: active transport
- moves from very little amt to a lot, REQUIRES energy
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Define: facilitated diffusion
- sugar molecules that must pass through the carrier protein
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Define: simple diffusion
- movement from an area with a lot to an area with a little to try and equal them out.
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How many ATP molecules are generated by the citric acid cycle?
0
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Where does the citric acid cycle occur in the cell?
mitochondria
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How many ATP molecules are generated by transition reaction?
6
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How many ATP nolecules are generated by the electron transport chain?
26+
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Where does the electron transport chain occur in the cell?
mitochondria
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Where does transition reaction occur in the cell?
mitochondria
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Where does glycolysis occur in the cell?
cytoplasm
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How many ATP molecules are generated by glycolysis?
10
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What is the valence electron shell?
outer shell of ANY atom
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