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What is Psychology?
the study of human behavior
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What is the only method that enables researchers to draw cause and effect conclusions?
experimental research
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In and experiment, the ________ manipulates _________ under carefully controlled conditions and observes whether there are changes in the 2nd ________ as a result.
- researcher
- a variable
- variable
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What is a variable?
a factor that is being manipulated
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Give one example of a variable that may affect people's physical health
- -diet
- -excercise
- -genes
- -living conditions
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What is the reason for having 2 variables in a simple experiment?
to see if the change in one variable affect the other variable
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What are the 2 variables in a simple experiment?
independent variable and dependent variable
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The independent variable is the ________ ________.
hypothesized cause
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The dependent variable is the _______ ________.
hypothesized effect
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What is the dependent variable?
the outcome of what psychologists measure
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What are the two groups of subjects in a simple experiment?
experimental group and the control group
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What happens in the experimental group?
the group of subjects receive special treatment
the new drug or whatever is new
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What happens in the control group?
the group of subjects receive NO special treatment
they get the old drug or the traidtional treatment
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What is the advantage of experimental research?
you can draw cause and effect conclusions between variables
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What is correlation?
the relationship between 2 variables
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A correlation exists when...
2 variables are related to each other
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There are 2 types of correlation. What are they?
positive correlation and negative correlation
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What is correlation coefficient?
the strength of the relationship between 2 variables on a number line
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Which has the strongest correlation coefficient?
a.) -.85
b.) + .30
c.) -.15
d.) +.50
a.) -.85
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With correlation can you determine a cause-effect relationship between the 2 variables?
NO
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What is naturalistic observation?
observing in real situations
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What is a reason to perform a case study?
the circumstance is usually very rare or uncommon
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surveys are _________
questionnaires
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Explain Placebo
When a patient asks for meds. You give them a placebo pill (sugar pill) without there knowledge, they think it is the meds and they think that its working but really it didnt. It was only a sugar pill.
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What are distortions in self-report data?
data may not be accurate b/c the subject either forgot the info or they are lying
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What is 1 way to eliminate experimenter bias?
the double blind procedure.... the experimenter and subject are unaware of all info involved
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What is a independent variable?
what is being manipulated in the experiment
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What are the 3 descriptive methods?
- Naturalistic observation
- Case studies
- Surveys
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What is a disadvantage of descriptive/correlational research?
unable to draw cause-effect conclusion
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What is sampling bias?
the relationship between "a sample" and "a population"
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What are the 5 steps in a scientific investigation?
- 1. Form a hypothesis
- 2. Choose a research method
- 3. Collect data
- 4. Analyze data
- 5. Report your findings
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What are they 2 disadvantages of experimental research?
- 1. often artificial
- 2. cant answer some questions b/c of ethical reasons
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What is a positive correlation?
a direct relationship between 2 variables
they both go in same direction
- study more...up
- better grades...up
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What is a negative correlation?
an inverse relationship between 2 variables
they go in opposite directions
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What are they advantages of naturalistic observation?
can onserve in real settings
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What are the 2 advantages of descriptive/correlational research?
- 1. simple
- 2. can answer for questions that cant be answered for ethical reasons
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Experiementer bias occurs when...
the experimenter has an opinion that affects the results
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What are extraneous variable?
variables that can affect the dependent variable
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What are the basic elements in a simple experiement?
- - 2 variables
- - 2 groups of subjects
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How many functional classes of neurons are there?
(Name them)
- 3
- Sensory neurons
- Motor Neurons
- Interneurons
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What are the basic parts of a neuron?
- the cell body (soma)
- the dendrites
- the axon
- the myelin sheath
- the terminal buttons
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How does one neuron communicate with another neuron?
neurotransmitters
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Define: agonist
a chemical that mimics the action of another
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Define: antagonist
a chemical that works against the action of another chemical
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The somatic nervous system is made up of _______ nerve fibers and _______ nerve fibers.
afferent efferent
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What does the CT scan do and what is it good for?
takes multiple xrays to get a picture
look at brain structure..... (looks for defects i.e. tumors)
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What enable psychologists to study what side of the brain the incoming information comes from in a split brain patient?
they flash certaim stimulus at a certain angle, so the stimulus will go to only one side of the brain
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When a split-brain patient receives a stimulus in the left visual field (head facing forward), which side of the eye (one or both) does the image strike? Will they be able to describe it? Why or why not?
both; no; the language and speech is located in the left hemisphere and the image was processed in the right hemisphere
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The L hemisphere of the brain handles verbal processing; i.e. language, speech, reading, writing. The R hemisphere usually handles non-verbal processing...spatial, musical, and visual recognition tasks; i.e. work by artisits, architects, musicians, etc.
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The cells in the nervous system fall into 2 major categories... What are they?
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What 2 things do Glia do?
- 1. form a connective network that holds brain neurons together
- 2. they insulate one neuron from another
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Afferent nerve fibers are made up of ________ _________.
sensory neurons (all the senses)
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Efferent nerves are made up of ________ ________.
motor neurons (movement)
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The ________ ________ serves regenerative, grow-promoting, and energy-conserving functions.
(calm, dry hands, no goosebumps)
parasympathetic division
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What does an EEG do?
moniters electrical activity of the brain
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What does a PET scan do and what is it good for?
provides color coded maps of high activity in the brain.
study the structure and activity
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The Autonomic nervous system controls the ________ ________ ________.
internal muscle structures
(heart rate, blood vessels, etc.)
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What are neurons?
the basic building blocks of communication in the nervous system
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The ________ ________ mobilizes the body's resources for emergencies when one needs to exert tremendous energy.
(fight or flight response)
(nervous, sweaty hands, goosebumps, etc)
sympathetic division
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Information flow in neural communication is one-way traffic....... Explain
dendrites are at the recieveing end; terminal buttons are at the end, that delivers info to other neurons
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The somatic nervous system controls ________ ________ ________.
volunatry muscle movements
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Define: Action potential
a slight shift in neurons electrical charge that travels along an axon.
follows the all or none law
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What is a neurotransmitter?
when neural impulse reaches an axons terminal buttons, it triggers the release of chemical messangers
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Define: resting potential
the electrical charge across the membrane of the inactive neuron
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What do interneurons do?
they carry one set of neurons to another
(they are in the middle)
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Name the 2 basic divisons of the nervous system
- central nervous system
- peripheral nervous system
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What is the connection between neurotransmitters and behavior?
nerovus system relies on chemical couriers to communicate information between neurons
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What do sensory neurons do?
- receive information from our senses (senses)
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What do motor neurons do?
carry messages from the brain to the body's muscles (moving)
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Give an example of antagonist
Schizophrenia > too much dopamine is released
take an antagonist.... the antagonist will actually BLOCK some of the dopamine to take it back to normal.
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Give an example of agonist
Depression > dont have enough of seratonin
take an agonist... agonist acts like seratonin by adding some ( or so the brain thinks) and takes it back to normal.
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What is lesioning?
surgically cutting a piece of the brain to see what stop working
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What is electrical stimulation?
electrically stimulating the brain
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There are 3 types of brain imaging procedure. What are they?
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What does an MRI Scan do and what is it good for?
providing 3-D image of brain
brain structure
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What happens after someone has a split-brain operation?
there is NO communication between the two sides of the brain.
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