Psychopathology final

Developmentally inappropriate and excessive anxiety concerning separation from home or from those to whom the individual is attached

• Recurrent excessive distress when separated from attachment figures
• Persistent worry about losing, or something bad happening to caregivers
• Worry of an accident leading to separation from caregiver
• Reluctance to go to school or elsewhere due to these fears
• Fearful of being alone

• Fearful of sleeping alone
• Nightmares of separation
• Physical symptoms

At least 4 weeks

Failure to speak in situations where there is an expectation of speaking, despite demonstrated ability to speak in other situations

Interferes with educational, occupational or social achievement/functioning

Lasts at least 1 month and is not due to lack of knowledge of language or other disorder

marked, excessive fear of an object or situation

exposure to feared object causes great anxiety

Fear is out of proportion to actual danger


Distress and/or impairment in functioning

the anxiety may be expressed   by crying, tantrums, freezing or clinging.

6 months or more

Usually involve objects/situations that present some element of danger

Marked and persistent fear of social or performance situations in which the individual is exposed to unfamiliar people or the possible scrutiny of others

A person who is very fearful of other people all the time. This is more than just being shy

• Individual fears they will act in a way that shows anxiety symptoms
• Social situations almost always provoke fear and anxiety
• Fear out of proportion to actual threat

evidence of the capacity for age   appropriate relationships must be evident, and   anxiety must occur with peers as well as adults

6 months duration, causes marked distress or impairment, and is not attributable to another condition

Recurrent unexpected Panic Attacks

• Pounding heart
• Sweating
• Shaking
• Shortness of breath
• Choking sensation
• Nausea
• Dizzy, chills or heat sensations
• Parasthesias
• Derealization or depersonalization
• Fear of dying or “going crazy”

• Persistent fear of another attack
• Worry about attacks and their consequences
• Change in behavior related to attacks

• cant figure out what is real, feeling that things could be a dream
• Feeling of walking through water or a dream

feel like they are watching themselves in a different perspective, like an omnipotent

• Fear is specific to notion that help might not be available or escape likely should panic symptoms occur
• Marked fear or anxiety about 2 of the following 5 situations
• Using public transportation

• Being in open spaces
• Being in enclosed spaces
• Standing in line or being in a crowd
• Being outside of the home alone

6 months or more and not due to another condition

• Excessive worry, more days than not for 6 months
• Worry is difficult to control, occurs in response to a variety of situations and causes impairment and/or distress

Excessive worry more days than not for 6 months

• Restless
• Easily fatigued
• Difficulty concentrating
• Irritability
• Muscle tension
• Sleep disturbance

Substance or medication-induced, due to a medical condition, other specified or unspecified anxiety disorder

Just 1

Can have either or both obsessions and compulsions

• recurrent, persistent, intrusive and ego-dystonic thoughts and/or images
• person attempts to neutralize these thoughts through some other thought or action

ex. obsessing of being contaminated

• repetitive behaviors or mental acts that the person feels driven to do either in response to an obsession or according to some rigid set of rules
• the acts do not relate in a realistic way to the events they are designed to prevent

ex. washing hands excessively

Must either take much time (more than 1 hour a day) and/or cause distress or markedly interfere with functioning

May not recognize that fear is excessive

• Preoccupation with 1 or more perceived defects in appearance
• Performance or repetitive mental or behavioral acts in response to this preoccupation
• Significant distress or dysfunction

• With muscle dysmorphia
• With good, fair or poor insight
• With absent insight/delusional beliefs

pulling of one's hair and might eat it

repeated skin picking resulting in lesions, tend to have raw and bloody hands

emotionally disturbed

—Child has experienced extremes of insufficient care as evidenced by:

—Severe neglect or deprivation

—Repeated changes in caregivers

—Being reared in unusual settings that limit opportunities to form selective attachments

developmental age of at least 9 years old

—The child actively approaches and engages with unfamiliar adults, as shown by 2 of the following:

—Minimal reticence to approaching unfamiliar adults

—Overly familiar verbal or physical minimal checking back with familiar adults

—Willingness to go off with an unfamiliar adult

similar neglectful early care and the disorder is their response to it

—Following apply to adults and children at least 6 years old:

—Exposure to threatened death, serious injury or sexual violence

—Directly experienced the event

—Witnessed it as it occurred to others

—Learned that it happened to a close family member or friend

—Repeated exposure to details of the event

—Following apply to adults and children at least 6 years old:

—Exposure to threatened death, serious injury or sexual violence

—Directly experienced the event

—Witnessed it as it occurred to others

—Learned that it happened to a close family member or friend

—Repeated exposure to details of the event

—Inability to remember aspects of the event

—Persistent negative beliefs about oneself and the world

—Self blame for the event

—Negative emotional state, detachment, inability to experience positive emotions

• Irritability 
• Hypervigilance
• Sleep or concentration disturbance
• exaggerated startle response

—Directly experiencing or witnessing traumatic event

—Distressing memories, dreams, flashbacks, prolonged psychological distress or physiological reactions

—Avoidance of stimuli related to event

—Markedly negative affect, lack of enjoyment or positive emotions

—Same specifiers as with older child, adolescent or adult version

Very similar criteria to PTSD, but symptoms persist for 3 days to 1 month after the event

Adjustment disorder (AD) is a stress-related, short-term, nonpsychotic disturbance.

disproportionately overwhelmed or overly intense in their responses to given stimuli.

emotional or behavioral reactions to an identifiable stressful event or change in the person's life; for instance, in the pediatric population, these events could be parental separation or divorce, a new birth in the family, or loss of an attachment figure or object (eg, pets).

The disorder is time-limited, beginning within 3 months of the stressful event, and symptoms lessen within 6 months upon removal of the stressor or when new adaptation occurs

Associated with increased risk for suicidal behavior, perhaps particularly in children

• with depressed mood
• with anxiety
• with mixed anxiety and depressed mood
• with disturbance of conduct
• with mixed disturbance of emotions and conduct
• unspecified

• externalizing behaviors
• overs
• often referred to as "acting out" behaviors

emotional disturbance

A. A pattern of angry/irritable, argumentative defiant behavior or vindictiveness lasting at least 6 months, during which four (or more) of the following are present, exhibited toward at least one no-sibling

• 1. Angry/irritable
• 2. Argumentative/defiant
• 3. vindictiveness
• 4. 

Causes distress in the individual or others or impacts negatively on functioning

Behaviors do not occur exclusively during psychotic, substance use, depressive or bipolar disorder.  Criteria are not met for disruptive mood dysregulation disorder.

voften argues with adults

often actively defies or refuses to comply with adults' requests or rules

often deliberately annoys people

often blames others for his or her mistakes or misbehavior

• often loses temper
• often touchy or easily annoyed by others
• often angry and resentful

has been spiteful or vindictive at least twice in past month

• might not show moods of sadness or regret
• doesnt have accessible access to think about or regret actions
• they are open and repeatedly breaking the law 
• cursing at people
• not always truthful

conduct disorder

A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age- appropriate societal norms or rules are violated, as manifested by the presence of three (or more) of the following criteria in the past 12 months, with at least one criterion present in the past 6 months:

• 1. Aggression to people and animals 
• 2. Destruction of property
• 3. Deceitfulness or threat
• 4. Serious violations of rules 
• 5. The disturbance in behavior causes clinically significant impairment in social, academic, or occupational functioning.

reactive attachment disorder

There is a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others occurring since age 15 years, as indicated by three

failure to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behaviors as indicated by repeatedly performing acts that are grounds for arrest

deceitfulness, as indicated by repeated lying, use of aliases, or conning others for personal profit or pleasure

impulsivity or failure to plan ahead

Irritability and aggressiveness, as indicated by repeated physical fights or assaults

reckless disregard for safety of self or others

consistent irresponsibility, as indicated by repeated failure to sustain consistent work behavior or honor financial obligations

lack of remorse, as indicated by being indifferent to or rationalizing having hurt, mistreated, or stolen from another

The individual is at least age 18 years.

There is evidence of Conduct Disorder with onset before age 15 years.

The occurrence of antisocial behavior is not exclusively during the course of schizophrenia or a manic episode

• With respect to the link between CD and ASPD:
• Adults with ASPD have almost always met the criteria for CD earlier on in development (hence it is part of the DSM-5 criteria)

However, only a minority of youth with CD go on to develop chronic patterns ASPD

Link increases with substance use

• ADHD
• Underachievement
• Anxiety Disorders
• Depressive Symptomatology

• Restriction of energy intake leading to significantly low body weight
• Intense fear of gaining weight
• Disturbance in body image
• Anorexia-nervosa if low body weight when binging and purging

• Recurrent binge eating
• Eating, within a 2-hour period, an excessive amount of food
• Sense of lack of control over eating at these times
• Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behavior – vomiting, laxatives, fasting, exercise
• At least twice a week for 3 months
• Self-evaluation influenced by body shape and weight

• Recurrent binge eating
• Eating, within a 2-hour period, an excessive amount of food
• Sense of lack of control over eating at these times
• Episodes associated with 3 or more of the following:
• Eating more rapidly
• Eating until feeling uncomfortable
• Eating large amounts when not hungry
• Eating alone due to embarrassment
• Feeling disgusted with oneself afterward
• Partial or full remission

• Strong desire to be of the opposite (or some other) gender
• Strong preference to dress like the other gender
• Cross-gender fantasy play
• Cross-gender play
• Strong dislike of one’s sexual anatomy
• Strong desire for sex characteristics of the other gender

• Strong incongruence between expressed and primary/secondary sex characteristics
• Strong desire to be rid of one’s primary or secondary sex characteristics
• Strong desire for the characteristics of the other gender
• Strong desire to be the other gender
• Strong desire to be treated as the other gender
• Strong desire that one has the typical feelings or reactions of the other gender
• Specify if with a disorder of sexual development and/or posttransition

– cluster of cognitive, behavioral and physiological symptoms indicating that the individual continues using the substance despite significant substance-related problems

intoxication, withdrawal, and other substance/medication-induced mental disorders

An enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual’s culture and is manifested in at least two of the following areas: cognition, affectivity, interpersonal functioning, or impulse control

inflexible and pervasive across a broad range of personal and social situations

is stable overtime

Odd or eccentric

• 1. Paranoid
• 2. Schizoid
• 3. Schizotypical

pervasive distrust and suspicousness



Feels others are exploiting him or her

Reads hidden meanings in others behavior

Bears grudges

Mistrusts sexual partners/spouse

Little interest in relationships

Chooses solitary activities

Little pleasure in any activities

Indifferent to others’ opinions

Emotionally cold

Social and interpersonal deficits as well as cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities



Ideas of reference

Odd beliefs thinking or speech

Suspiciousness or paranoia

Lack of close friends

Inappropriate or constricted affect

Dramatic, emotional, and/or erratic

• 1. Antisocial
• 2. Borderline
• 3. narcissistic

cannot be diagnosed before age 18

Pervasive pattern of instability in relationships, self-image and affect


Frantic efforts to avoid real of imagined abandonment


Unstable relationships, self-image and emotions

Identity disturbance

Impulsivity

Suicidal threats, gestures

Affective instability

Chronic feelings of emptiness

Intense, inappropriate anger

Transient paranoia or dissociation


Histrionic-Excessive emotionality and attention-seeking, Needs to be the center of attention, Sexually provocative

Very suggestible

Rapidly shifting emotions

Rarely given diagnosis


Excessive emotionality and attention-seeking

Needs to be the center of attention

Sexually provocative

Grandiosity, need for admiration, lack of empathy



Exaggerated sense of self

Requires excessive admiration

Lack of empathy

Arrogant, haughty

anxious and fearful

• 1. avoidant
• 2. Dependent
• 3. Obsessive Compulsive

Social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, hypersensitivity to negative evaluation


Avoids occupational activities for fear of evaluation

Great difficulty in relationships for fear of rejection

Views self as inept

Preoccupied with possibility of being criticized

Almost indistinguishable from social anxiety disorder

Pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of, leading to clinging and dependent behavior


Difficulty making decisions

Difficulty disagreeing with others or expressing a contrary opinion

Extremely uncomfortable being alone

Has difficulty expressing disagreement with others

Orderliness, perfectionism, mental and interpersonal control


Preoccupied with details and rules

Perfectionism

Excessively devoted to work and productivity

Miserly

Over-conscientious and scrupulous

Rigid, stubborn

odd or eccentric

Dramatic, emotional and/or erratic

anxious and fearful