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Scientific Societies
- 1. open or secretive? Secretive. (due to church) people would gather in homes
- 2. trying to learn about natural world
- 3. curiosity cabinets:
- A. informal groups.
- B. talked about everything regarding natural world
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Scientific Academies at the time:
- 1.goal: more about
- A.preserving KNOWLEDGE
- B. passing knowledge on to next generation
- C. not focused on research, or less emphasis on
- 2. Academy of the Lynx
- 3. Academy of Experiments
- 4. French Academy of Sciences
- 5. Royal Society of London (association)
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Academy of Lynx
- 1. est. 1603
- 2. public but not recognized by other entities
- 3. founded by: Duke Federido Cesi
- 4. Galileo was a member
- 5. Disbanded: 1670
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Academy of Experiments
- 1. Est.
- A. Where: in Florence
- B. When: Grand Duke Ferdinand II
- 2. only lasted 10 years 1657-1667
- 3. Members included Francesco Redi and Torricelli--
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Torricelli
- 1. Contribution:
- A. Torr measures atmospheric pressure-- developed barometer
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French Academy of Sciences
- 1. Public or private: public by 1630, held meetings in public places
- 2. chartered by govt in 1666
- 3. Famous members: Descartes
- 4. held demonstrations
- 5.
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Royal Society of London
- 1. Background history:
- A. Civil war: in mid 1600s-1660s
- B. Oxford and London reemerged and joined together
- a. group was recognized and chartered by King Charles II--
- 2. How long were they influential? 250 years
- 3. Journal:
- A. name:
- Journal known as the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London-B. started publishing:1665
- 4. Influential member: Robert Hooke:
- A. Role:held various post in the group-
- a.was secretary,
- b.editor of journal,
- c. curator (job was to provide activities/experiments for membership at meetings -- at age 26
- B. monumental experiment: dog experiment w/ removing diaphragm and rib cage
- a. what did he prove?:
- Pricked hole in lungs-- flows out through hole-- continuous supply of air through lungs the dog will survive doesn’t have to expand or contract--- prior thought that lungs agitated blood---
- a. realized lungs have no physical effect on blood
- b. could keep dog alive without diaphragm and rib cage, ?
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Richard Lower
- 1. Timeline: 1631-1691
- 2. main deal: Researched circulatory system
- 3. repeated a lot of Harvey's work
- 4. Also interested in Hooke's work-- studies blood before and after it left the lungs--- noticed change in color from dark red to bright red
- 5. Took a beaker of blood-- found that if he took veinous blood into beaker -- only blood at top was bright red the rest was dark bluish
- A. would remove top, bright red layer, then next top layer would turn red
- B. SIGNIFICANCE OF THIS: vital force was in air not in animal, first time this is done outside of animal
- 6. Current thoughts on air: homogenous, with active and inactive parts
- A. active, or vital force: thought to be nitrogenous based, bc gun powder's active ingredient is nitrogenous
- B.
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George Ernst Stahl
- 1. timeline: 1660-1734
- 2. major influence on bio/chem
- 3. Major contribution: Theory of phlogiston
- 4. How phlogiston works/exists:
- A. Existed in all living things--
- a.released from living organisms when the organism died and was slowly released into atmosphere---
- B. helped to explain what was happening when iron rusted (noticed it gained weight when it rusted)-- he believed as iron rusted it lost phlogiston---
- (believed phlogiston had negative mass)
- therefore we increase in mass when we die, bc we release phlogiston
- C. Accelerate the release of phlogiston by burning --- phlogiston being released into atmosphere not the smoke but in the smoke
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Van Helmont
- 1. Paper-- By Experiment, that all Vegetable Matter is Totally and Materially of Water Alone
- A. Trying to control variables:
- a. Puts cover over soil to prevent debris from falling in pot
- b. Takes and measures how much earth there is - time measurement, pounds measurement
- c. Watered with rain or distilled water
- 2. Results:
- A. Pot , same.
- B. 164 lbs of plant attributed to water alone, since the dirt mass remain unchanged and only thing added to help plant grow.
- **Missing contribution: 164 lbs coming from carbon dioxide - photosynthesis--- don’t understand the air
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Joseph Black
- 1. Worked: @ Univ. of Glasgow
- 2. Timeline: 1728-1799
- 3. First to: generate carbon dioxide as we know it today
- A. called it "fixed air"
- B. how he produced it:in air upon combustion
- C. Others showed the fixed air found as a result of fermentation
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Joseph Priestley
- 1. Background:
- A.moved from England to USA
- a. to Northumberland, Pennsylvania
- B. background: ministry, but gave that up for teaching, he was interested in gasses.
- 2. Contribution to science: isolated
- A. chlorine, oxygen, hydrogen sulfide, isolated nitrogen into nitrous oxide
- B. Observations on Different Kinds of Air:
- a. animals phlogisticate air when exhale and/or die
- b. plants dephlogisticating the air
- c. experiment w/ this?:
- b.
- 3. Training or lack thereof: no formal training in science
- 4. other contributions: founder of
- Founder of unitarian religion--- not flavory looked upon in England at the time-- was very unpopular-- big supporter of upcoming Industrial Revolution-- lots of people driven to poverty because of steam power and engines replacing human work
- 5. Breakdown of the paper:
- A.Plant doesn't perish as quickly as mouse (air not as "inconvenient for plant"
- B. candle could burn w/ plant , but could not burn without plant
- C. odor of plant not enough, plant itself needed to restore air
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Ingen-Housz
- 1. Physician
- 2. Had ideas about photosynthesis but believed in phlogistin
- 3. Ideas:
- A. plants can correct bad air in hrs rather than days like Priestley stated
- B. plants can "contaminate " the air in shade or dark (perform regular, animal like respiration)
- a. fruits also respire
- b. *SUNLIGHT was necessary for oxygen production*
- C. thought churning of the bog, or mixing gases, was phlogisticating the air
- D. French bean ex/:
- a. noticed that in the morning the candle could not burn, but in the day it could burn.
- b. in the evening, the air was “mended”
- c. first to comment on this.
- E. Only leaves and petioles can synthesize
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De Saussure
- 1. Swiss
- 2. Not under influence of idea of phlogistin
- 3. Gives clear idea of photosynthesis
- 4. Exp 1: the varying amounts of CO2:
- A. plants exposed to 2/3-3/4 CO2 died instantly (too acidic)
- B. MAX growth: 1/12 CO2, second: regular, atmospheric air
- 5. Exp 2: Lime and no lime
- A. Control, w/ no lime: plant survives over 2 mos
- B. another glass w/ woody plant and lime to absorb: died after a month due to "absence of the latter", or CO2
- 3. Exp 3: Measured before and after gas composition
- A. Co2 dec., O2 inc.
- B. burned myrtles before and after experiment,
- C. gained 120 mg carbon
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Antoine Lavoisier
- 1. a lil background:
- A. born wealthy
- B. well educated in sciences
- C. **one of most intelligent ppl in human history**
- D. tasked to improve french gunpower
- E. tax collector, ppl hated him
- F. french
- G. 1743-1794
- 2. major contributions:
- A. combustion and respiration
- B. Books:
- a. Methods of chemical nomenclature
- b. Traits of chemical elements-1789
- i. ? KnowS;
- A. gasses have diff volumes and densities- B. measure bell jar- inverted in tank with mercury-- and see how much mercury has moved up bell jar inverted with Guinea Pig inside **which book?**
- C. probably need to know change in E
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what is the title of this ?
- 1. Ice chamber f(x)'s:
- A. water displacement = amount of heat given off by guinea pig
- 2. Unit: grains, grams, ounces: *KNOW CONVERSION
- 3. Bell jar and ice chamber experiments
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Bell jar experiment
- 1. By: Lavoisier and Laplace:
- 2. Terms:
- A. E -volume before combustion
- B. E'- volume after combustion (oxygen consumed but CO2 released)
- a. oxygen content: E-E'
- C. E''- volume after caustic alkali (to absorb fixed air, or CO2)
- a. Fixed air (CO2) produced=E'-E''
- B. 2 things happened:
- dephlogisticated air) oxygen consumed and fixed air produced (Co2)
- Dephlogisticated air (oxygen) consumed= E-E" Co2 produced increases volume-C. E: 202.35 inchesE’: 170.59 inchesE’’: 73.93 inchesD. (this is height of the mercury, or amount of carbon burnt)@ E: @ E':@ E'':
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Lavoisier and Laplace
- 1. Experiment 1: the ice chamber
- A. 3 chambers:
- a. first houses "experimental object" (guinea pig)
- b. middle chamber: for ice. the water is collected from this chamber.
- c. outer chamber: for ice. to eliminate external heat contributing to experiment
- B. parameters/ additional methods and materials:
- a. NO communication between mid/outer chamber.(no holes right?) bc no longer displacement but combo of water from both membranes p.87
- b. atmosphere must be above 0 T
- c.
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