identifies where a feature exists in relation to something else
absolute location
expressed by a coordinate system (or address)
systems theory
to begin to comprehend Earth as a whole or to understand most of its environmental components
closed system
a system in which no substantial amount of matter crosses its boundaries, although energy can go in and out of it (planet Earth as a whole is a closed system)
open system
a system in which both energy and matter move freely across subsystem boundaries as inputs and outputs (most of Earth subsystems are open systems)