-
what are the 2 major parts of a typical vertebra
body and arch
-
what is an intervertebral foramen
opening betweenadjacent vertebrae allowing passage of the spinla n
-
how do ribs articulate with the thoracic vertebrae
head articulartes w/ bodies of contiguous vertebrae & the tubercule articulates w/ the transvers process of same numberes
-
what is the name of the space between 2 adhacent ribs
intercostal space
-
what do the costal cartilages of the last sternal and all asternal ribs form
costal arch
-
what are the first and last sternebrae
manubrium & xiphoid, respectively
-
what caps the xiphoid process
Xiphoid arch
-
what thoracic vertebra usually has the most vertically oriented spine
anticlinal vertbra, usually T11 in dog
-
how is inspiration accomplished
increased size of thorax decreases pressure = air rushes in
-
what is the main respiratory muscle
diaphragm
-
name 2 muscles exteneding between adjacent ribs
external and internal intercostal m
-
what is the opening into the thorax
thoracic inlet
-
what forms the thoracic inlet
- 1st thoracic vertebra
- right & left 1st ribs
- sternum
-
what palpable structure is formed by the costal cartilages of the false ribs
costal arch
-
what divides the thorax into 2 spaces
mediastinum
-
where is the heart located in the thoracic cavity
(2nd) 3rd to (5th) 6th intercostal space (ICS) in the bottom 2/3rds of the cavity
-
which side of the aorta does the thoracic esophagus normally cross
right side of the aortic arch
-
what covers the trachea in the cranial neck
only strap muscles (sternohyoideus & sternothyroideus m)
-
what part of the trachea splits inot right and left primary bronchi
tracheal bifurcation
-
what separates lobes of the lungs
interlobar fissures
-
what is the opening between the lobes of the lung where the surgeon's pericarium comes in contact with the thoracic wall
cardial notch
-
what so radiologists call pulmonary trunk
"main pulmonary artery/segment" MPA
-
what is the mediastinum
space or wall (makes up parietal work for the pleura) separating the thoracic cavity inot 2 cavities & separating the 2 plueral cavities
-
what are the divisions of the mediastinum
cranial, middle(heart) and caudal (all divided into dorsal and ventral parts)
-
list the parts of the pericardium
fibrous pericardium, serous pericardium (visceral and parietal parts)
-
what is located in the pericardial cavity
"scant amount" of serous fluid only
-
which side of the heart is part of the pulmonary circulation
right: pulmonary side
-
the left side of the heart is part of what circulation and why
systemic circulation, pumps blood to body
-
what side of the heart is the right ventricle on? left ventricle?
- Right: cranial (right, cranial and left sides)
- Left: caudal
-
what is the vestigial, fetal connection from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta
ligament arteriosum
-
what is the most caudal part of the heart? is it right or left
-
what is the adult remnant of the fetal foramen ovale
fossa ovale
-
what separates the atria
interatrial septum
-
name the wall separating the 2 ventricles
interventricular (IV) septum
-
which ventricle has a thinner wall and why
right, less strength need to reach the lungs
-
name the 3 layers of the heart
endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium
-
what are the valves of the heart
- right and left atrioventricular (AV)
- aortic and pulmonic valves (semilunar valves)
-
what is the function of the AV valves
prevent back flow into the atria during ventricular contraction
-
what is the function of the semilunar valves
prevent return to heart during diastole
-
what abonormal sounds are caused by blood flow tuberlence in the heart
murmurs
-
what are the 3 parts of the conduction system of the heart
- sinoartial node(pacemaker)
- atrioventricular node(AV)
- atrioventricular bundle branches
-
what is the term for ventricular contraction and relaxation
ventricular systole, diastole
-
how do diastole and systole relate to the heart sounds
- systole: between 1st and 2nd sounds
- diastole: between 2nd and 1st heart sounds
-
what do the 1st and 2nd hearts sounds sounds like and roughly represent
- 1st: lub, closure of AV valves (start of systole)
- 2nd: dub, closure of semilunar vavle (diastole)
-
what causes closure and opening of the AV and semilunar valves
- opening AV: diastole
- semilunar: systole
- closure AV: systole
- Semilunar: diastole
-
what does the recoil of the elastic aorta at the end of systole cause
pushes blood to body and back towards the heart, closing aortic valve and filling the coronary arteries
-
how is the esophagus normally related to the arch of the aorta
to the right of the arch of aorta
-
what arteries travel up the neck to supply the head and face
common carotid a
-
what artery travels on the floor of the thorax
internal thoracic a
-
what vessels and nerves travel in the intercostal spaces caudal to the ribs
intercostal a, v, n,
-
what 3 fetal structures bypass the lungs and liver
ductus arteriosus, ductus venosus, and foramen ovale
-
where does the ductus arteriosus shunt most of the blood in the right ventricle from the pulmonary to the systemic circulation
from the pulmonary trunk and aorta
-
what adult is remnant of the following structure
ductus arteriosus
ligament arteriosum
-
what adult is remnant of the following structure
foramen ovale
oval fossa or fossa ovale
-
what adult is remnant of the following structure
unbilical arteries
round ligaments if urinary bladder
-
what adult is remnant of the following structure
umbilical vein
round ligament of liver
-
what is the large lymphatic channel draining the caudal animal
thoracic duct (from abdomin, pelvis & pelvic limb)
-
what lymph nodes are near the bifurcation of the trachea
tracheobrachial lymph nodes
-
what is the lymphatic structure in the cranial mediastinum
cranial mediastinal lymph node
-
what is the large nerve crossing the heart to the daiphragm
phrenic n
-
what is the branch of the vagus that returns to the neck
location?
- recurrent laryngeal n
- Lt: around the arch of the aorta
- Rt: round right subclavian artery
-
what does the recurrent laryngeal nerve innervate
which is clinically important in dogs and horses with laryngeal paralysis
- most laryngeal skeletal muscles
- cricoarytenoideus dorsalis m
-
what supplies cutaneous innervation to the top of the thoracic and abdominal walls
both dorsal and ventral branches of the spinal n in the thoracic and lumbar region
-
what is the parasympathetic innervation to the thorax
vagus nerve
-
what are the 2 series of connected gagnlia lying on either side of the bodies of the thoracolumbar vertebrae and longus colli muscle
sympathetic trunk
-
which way do the motor fibers travel in the vagosympathetic trunk
- sympathetic toward the head
- vagus away from the head
-
what is a serosa (serous membrane)
a thin continuous membrane lining a closed cavity and covering the cavity's organs
-
what are the serous membranse of the pericardial cavity, thorax, abdomen, and spermatic cord called respectively
- pericardial: pericardium
- thorax: pleura
- abdomen:peritoneum
- spermatic cord: vaginal tunic
-
what serosa covers walls of a cavity
parietal serosa
-
what serosa covers an organ
visceral serousa
-
what connects parietal and visceral with visercal serosa
connecting serosa
-
what is the serosa lining the thoracic cavity
pleura
-
are the lungs located in the pleural cavities
no just scant amount of serous fluid
-
what is the line of pleural cavities
point costal pleura reflects onto diaphragm
-
what is the plural cupula
cranial pleural sac exteneding out through the thoracic inlet
-
how should VD/DV and lateral films be placed on veiwing screen
- DV/VD right side to your left in both
- lateral - cranial side to the left
-
what does a R or L marker on different film views indicate
lateral trunk (thorax or abdomen)
right or left lateral = side on cassette
-
what does a R or L marker on different film views indicate
DV or VD films
side of animal
-
what does a R or L marker on different film views indicate
one limb in film
limb in film
-
how are thoracic filme evaluated for rotation
- lateral: costochondral junctions and shoulder joints - same level
- VD/DV:sternum and spinal column superimposed
-
what structure is used to tell an expiratory from an inspiratory film
position of diaphragm
-
once you have picked a method to evaluate films, what should you do each time you evaluate a film
always read in the same manner (every time)
-
what is the cranial limit of the abdomen
diaphragm
-
can you visualize the sides of the diaphragm
- cranial yes as contrasted air (lungs)
- caudal no against water densities (liver and stomach)
-
what is the junction between the 2 cura
intercrural cleft
-
what mediastinal structure are normally seen in the lateral view
trachea, aorta, heart in the pericardium, caudal vena cava
-
what mediastinal structures can be seen in the VD view
heart in pericardium, caudal vena cava, left edge of the descending aorta
-
is the esophagus usually visible on radiographs? when is it visible
no, only if it contains swallowed air or contrast material
-
what is the thick dark line in lateral radiograph of the cranial mediastinum
trachea
-
what is the dark oval over the heart base in a lateral radiograph
tachea bifurcateion "carina"
-
the trachea normally makes a ____ angle to the vertebral column in a lateral view
15 degree
-
name a dilation of caudal cervical and thoracic esophagus
megaesophagus
-
which way does megaesophagus displace the trachea and heart
ventrally
-
pulmonary edema results in increased rediographic
opacity
-
where are "DOnuts"
round end-on views of bronchi with perivascular cuffing in peribronchiolar pattern
-
what are the sagittal sections of bronchi with perivascular cuffing called in a peribronchiolar pattern
"tram lines"
-
why is the air in the bronchi so prominent in an alveolar pattern
water replaces air in interstitium and contrast air in bronchi
-
why do the vessels disappear in an alveolar pattern
surrounding lung filled with fluid
-
what is the visucalization of the air in bronchi in an alveolar pattern called
air bronchogram
-
what else will pleural effusion do to a radiograph besides showing borders and fissures of the lungs
loss of detail obscuring the heart and diaphragm
-
what is the main radiographic sign of pleural effusion
separation of the lungs and the body wall allowing visualization of the lung borders and fissure lines
-
left atrial enlargment will do what to the caudal bronchi in a lateral view
separate right and left caudal bronchi by elevating left one
-
what causes "cowboy legs" to the principal bronchi
enlargement of left atrium or tracheobronchial lymph nodes
-
to which lung lobe will a light, inhaled foreign body (grass awn) which moves by air flow and not gravity, tend to go
right caudal lobe - straight shot
-
which is the most common lung lobe site for aspiration pneumonia
what is the secon most common
- right middle lung lobe (most dependent)
- cranial right lung lobe
-
when is the shape of the mediastinum clincally important
pleural effusions
-
of what does the chest wall consist
sternum, ribs, costal cartilages, and intercostal muscles
-
what theoretically allows a unilateral pneumothorax or pyothorax to become bilateral
fenestration (holes) in the mediastinum, common in the dog
-
where is thoracocentesis done
middle of the 7-8 intercostal space (2-3 back from point of elbow) just dorsal to the costochondral junction (craniodorsal to line of pleural reflection
-
what is pleurocentesis/ thorascocentesis
surgical puncture of the chest wall for drainage of fluid
-
what type of lung pattern would you expect to see in pulmonic stenosis
normal to hypovacular
-
what type of murmur will pulmonary stenosis give? why?
- systolic
- pumping through constriction causes turbulence
-
early in patent ductus arteriosus, which direction is the shunt during systole
during diastole
- to right in both (aorta to pulmonary trunk)
- aorta has higher presure
-
what is called if the ductus arteriosus doesn't close after birth
patent ductus arteriosus PDA
-
where does the ductus arteriosus join the aorta in relationship to the brachiocephalic trunk and left subclavian arteries
past them
-
what structures constrict the esophagus in a persisten right aortic arch (PRAA)
aorta to right of the esophagus instead of the left = aorta, ligament arteriosum, and the base of the heart forming a rign around the esophagus
-
what does PRAA stand for
persisten right aortic arch
-
what are the clinical significance of the coronary arteries in domestic species
little clinical signifcance as few species (turkeys) get coronary a. disease
-
describe dilatative or congestive cardiomyopathy
a rare enlarged dilated heart causing congestive heart failure in cats and dogs
-
describe hypertrophy cardiomyopathy, tn which species is it most frequent
enlarged, thickened heart - cats
-
what is inflammation of the pericardium
pericarditis
-
wat are 3 common sites for foreign bodies to lodge in the esophagus due to constriction of surrounding structures
- cranial to thoracic inlet
- cranial to base of heart
- cranial to diaphragm
-
which side of the aorta does the thoracic esophagus normally cross
right side of the aortic arch
-
when is the heart bigger than normal? when is it smaller than normal
- big> 3 1/2
- small< 2 1/2
- ICS - rule of thumb
-
what must be blocked to anesthetize the paralumbar fossa of the large animal's flank
both dorsal and ventral branches must be blocked
-
what is the contraction of cutaneous trunic muscle in response to a pin prick of trunk
panniculus (cutaneous trunci) response
-
when closing an intercostal approach to the thorax with sutures around the ribs, what should be avoided
intercostal vessels on caudal ribs
-
where will a severed intercostal artery bleed and why
both ends of cut, originate from the aorta dn the internal thoracic a
-
what is air in the thorax called
pneumothorax
-
what is pneumonia
inflammation of the lungs with condolidation
-
what is hyalin membrane disease
parturition before the lungs mature with insufficient surfactant produced
-
what nerves must be avoided in thoracic surgery
- vagus, recurrent laryngeal
- phrenic nerves
-
what results from rupture of the thoracic duct
chylothorax
-
what is on VD at each time on a clock
11-1
aortic - arch covered by spine not seen
-
what is on VD at each time on a clock
1-2
MPA/pulmonary trunk
-
what is on VD at each time on a clock
2-3
left atrium
-
what is on VD at each time on a clock
2-6
left ventricle
-
what is on VD at each time on a clock
5
apex
-
what is on VD at each time on a clock
6-9
right ventricle
-
what is on VD at each time on a clock
9-11
right atria
-
what is seen on lateral view according to a clock
2 and 9
waist of heart
-
what is seen on lateral view according to a clock
11-12
aortic arch
-
what is seen on lateral view according to a clock
1-2
left atrium
-
what is seen on lateral view according to a clock
2-6
left ventricle
-
what is seen on lateral view according to a clock
5
apex
-
what is seen on lateral view according to a clock
6-9
right ventricle
-
what is seen on lateral view according to a clock
9-11
right atria
-
how are radiographs of the heart checked for rotatio
- costochondral junctions and shoulder joints
- level
-
what makes up the left margin of the caudal mediastinum
phrenicopericardiac ligament
-
why is the aortic arch not visible in the DV view
summated over cranial mediastinum and spinr
-
the left ventricle makes up _____ half of the silhouette of the heart
caudal left
-
what arises on the left cranial side of the heart
pulmonary trunk
-
what is the pulmonary trunk called by radiologists
main pulmonary artery MPA
-
on which side of the DV view will enlarged atria be seen
extending to the left
-
when can the brachiocephalic trunk and left subclavian artery be visualized in a lateral ragiograph
air in mediastinum (pneumomediastinum
-
what are located at the base of the aorta as it comes out of the ventricle
aortic valve and sinuses
-
what large vessels comes out of the center of the base of the heart
aortic arch
-
is the left auricular appendage visualized on a lateral radiograph and why
no , located in middle of heart (superimposed)
-
list the divisions of the left bronchi
- cranial (to cranial part of canial lobe)
- middle ( to caudal part of cranial lobe)
- caudal
-
lungs should not be seen on radiographs b/c they are ____ densities
air - black
-
the cranial lobe of the left lung is divided into cranial and caudal parts, instead of 2 separate lung lobes by anatomists b/c one _______ _________ supplies air to both parts
lobar( secondary) bronchus
-
why do radiologists speak of 3 left lung lobes
look like 3 radiographically
-
what is the radiologist left medial lung lobe anatomically
caudal part of cranial lobe
-
list the lobes of the right and left lungs radiographically (anatomically)
- right - cranial, middle, caudal and accessory
- left - cranial middle (part of cranial lobe) and caudal lobe
-
the pleural cavities are potential, not real, spaces b/c ___________ _____ holds the visceral pleura of the lungs to the parietal pleura of the thoracic wall
serous tension
-
the lungs are basically evaluated by the presence or abscense of ______ and _______
fluid and air
-
the 2 sides of the thorax should be compared for differences in _______ in the VD and DV views
opacity
-
what is a radiographic term for the pulmonary trunk
main pulmonary artery (MPA)
-
what structures are located in the area of the cranial waist of the heart in a lateral projection
arch of aorta, right auricular appendage, and pulmonary trunk
-
what will enlargment of arch of aorta, right auricular appendage or pulmonary trunk cause
loss of cranial cardiac waist
-
the pulmonary arteries are located over the ____ of the heart
base
-
how are lateral thoracic films evaluated for rotation
- costochondral junctions
- shoulder joint
- same level
-
how is the VD and DV projection of the thorax evaluated for rotation
sternum and spinal column superimposed
-
list 4 -5 things evaluated when reading thoracic films
- technical quality
- all of the thorax in film
- symmetrical positioning
- expiratory or inspiratory film
- structures
-
what are the borders of a thoracic radiograph
- chest wall, thoracic spine
- sternum
- diaphgram
- thoracic limb in view
-
for what is the pericardial cavity eveluated
for fluid or air
-
for what is the heart evaluated
shape, size, position, opacity, and changes in silhouette
-
what is the cranila limit of the abdomen
diaphragm
-
why is the cranial surface of the diaphragm easily visualized
water density contrast by adjacent air density of the lungs
-
what can contrast the abdominal side of the ventral diaphragm and the liver. why
falciform ligament, fat filled
-
what can contrast the abdominal side of the dorsal diaphragm
air in fundus of the stomach
-
what oblique soft tissue opacity in the cranial mediastinum is normally seen in DV and VD views of cats and young dogs
sail sign (thymus)
-
where are the cranial mediastinal lymph nodes located
cranial mediastinum
-
the pluera of the caudal mediatinum is ____, allowing air or fluid to pass between the pleural cavities
fenestrated
-
what term do radiologists use for the tracheal bifurcation
"carnia"
-
for what is the mediastinum evaluated
shifts, width, abnormal density, or masses
-
do the cranila or caudal bronchi show up better why
caudal - b/c thicker lung (water density) around them
-
how many divisions foes the left bronchus have
2: 1 cranial lobe, 1 caudal lobe
-
how many secondary bronchi (lobar) arise from the right bronchus
4 cranial, middle, caudal, and accessory
-
what is seeing air in the bronchi called
bronchogram
-
what nerve supply the interocstal muscles and a lot of the thoracic wall
intercostal n (ventral bracnshes of the thoracic n)
-
how should a film be placed on the veiwing screen
same way every time
-
how should DV and VD films bbe placed on the veiwing screen
so right side is to left in both views (VD and DV)
-
what recumbency is the animal in for VD and DV films
- VD- dorsal recumbency
- DV- sternal recumbency
-
how should lateral views be placed on the viewing screen
cranial side to the left
-
what does a R or L marker on a lateral film of trunk mean
animal on right of left side, respectively right or left lateral recumbency so represents view also
-
what do R and L markers tell you in DV or VD films
side of animal
-
what is the 1st rule when shooting films
all of the thorax in film
-
list 3 differences of the cat thorax compared to a dog
- more tiangular
- heart more upright
- thorax more lucent
-
what glandular structure is in the cranial mediastinum of the young
thymus
-
from where to where do the ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale shunt blood
from pulmonic to systemic circulation
-
what are the 2 fetal bypasses away from the lung circulation
foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus
-
during fetal development, _____ supplies the fretus with its oxygen and nutrietns and eliminates waste
placenta
-
what returns blood from the abdomen, pelvis and pelvic limbs
caudal vena cava
-
what vien returns blood from the head, neck, thoracic limb and cranil part of the thoracic walls to the right atrium
cranial vena cava
-
what huge vein passes superficially in the neck
external jugular vein
-
where does the ductus arteriosus join the aorta in relationship to the brachiocephalic trunk and left subclavian arteries
past them
-
what is ventricular diastole
when ventricles relax and fill w/ blood
-
term fro ventricular contraction
ventricular systole
-
on which side of the heart is the opening into the RV
the exit
- into - right side
- out- left side( wraps around cranial side)
-
what thin cords anchor the AV valves to the papillary muscles
shordae tendineae
-
which side of the heart receives blood from te body
right side RA - pulmonary side
-
the right atrium receives blood primarily through which 2 veins
cranial and caudal venae cava
-
what vessels travel away from the heart
arteries
-
what is the definition of a vein
vessels traveling toward the heart
-
what is the potential space between the visceral and parietal layers of the serous pericardium
pericardial cavity
-
name the fibroserous sac enclosing the heart
pericardium
-
the mediastinum divided the ____ ____ into right and left halves
thoracic cavity
-
what thin walled sac of the bronchial tree are for gas exchanges
alveoli
-
what artery supplies the tissue of the lungs
bronchoesopheal artery
-
what brings oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
pulmonary veins
-
generally in relationship to what structure is a lung biopsy performed
craniodorsal to the basal border of the lung
-
list the osseous boundaries of the thoracic inlet
1st rib, 1st sternebra (manubrium) 1st thoracic vertebra (or last cervical vertebra)
-
with what cavities is the bony thorax associated
whole thoracic cavity ( 2 pleural cavities) an intrathoracic part of abdomen
-
list 7 processes of vertebra
- 1 spine
- 2 transverse processes
- 4 articular (2 cranial and 2 caudal)
-
list 3 ways costal cartilage can terminate
connect to sternum, or costal arch, or end free
-
what part of the rib articulates with contiguous thoracic vertebrae
head of rib
-
with what does the tubercle of the rib articulate
transvers process of the same numberes vertebra
-
what are the unpaired bones makiing the floor of the bony thorax
sternebrae
-
what is the cylindrical tube exteneding from the larynx to the lungs
trachea
-
what part of the trachea splits inot right and left pulmonary bronchi
tracheal bifurcation
-
list the lobes of the dogs lungs
- left- cranial and caudal
- right - cranial middle, caudal and accessory
-
what causes the sound heard as a heart murmun
blood flow turbulence
-
what are the 2 types of murmurs related to location in heart cycle
diastolic or systolic murmurs
-
what causes valvular murmurs
leaky(insufficient) or narrowed (stenotic valves)
-
what could cause systolic murmur
- semilunar(aortic of pulmonic) stenosis
- insufficiency (left> right AV
-
what can cause a diastolic murmur
semilunar (aortic pulmonic) insufficiency
-
what is the clinical significance of the line of pleural reflection
demarcates the pleural from the peritoneal cavity
-
what is pleurocentisis/thoracocentesis
surgical puncture of the chest wall for drainage of fluid
-
where is thoracocentesis done
middle of the 7-8th intercostal space just dorsal to the costochondral junction
-
how can the pleural cupula be clinically importatn
can open pleural cavity with an incision near the thoracic inlet
-
what is the term for inflammation of the pleura
pleuritis
-
why is pneumothorax or pyothorax usually bilateral in carnivores
mediastinum is fenestrated
-
in what could a tear in the thoracic part of the trachea result
pneumomediastinum
-
how can infection of the neck migrate to the thorax
down deep fascia to the endothoracic fascia
-
what is the normal respiratory rate for dogs and cats
-
how do the olecranon and the intercostal spaces relate when standing
olecranon at the 5th intercostal space or 5th rib
-
how far cranially does the dome of the diaphragm extend
6th intercostal space just behind the olecranon/heart
-
where is the heart located in relationship to the intercostal spaces and the arm muscles
between 2(3)-5(6) intercostal space, mmostly under muscles
-
what is a memory aid for the heart valves point of maximum intensity
- Pam 345
- right AV - low 5th
-
outline how you ausculate the heart with a stethoscope
- 1st locate the point of the elbow (5th ICS) finc Lt AV: 5th ICS, move 1 ICS cranial and up
- aortic, then 1 ICS cranial and up: pulmonic
-
what vessels should be considered when opening the thorax
- internal thoracic a on the thoracic floor of the thorax
- (don't cut near sternum)
- intersocatl vessels and n: caudal to rib (cut in center of intercostal spaces)
-
describe the cavity entered when inserting a needle to either side of the line of pleural reflection
- craniodorsal = thorax 1st
- caudoventral = abdomen
-
where is the basal border of the lung
roughly 1-2" craniodorsal to and parallel to the line of pleural reflection
-
what are the boundaries of the ausculationt triangle
- cranial: caudal border of the triceps brachii
- dorsal: epaxial m
- caudoventral: curved line from olecranon to next to the last dorsal intercostal space
-
what is air in the mediastinum
pneumomediastinum
-
what is the surgeons pericardium
sac opened to access epicardial covered heart
-
what is the compression of the heart due to collection of blood or fluid in the pericardia sac
cardiac tamponade
-
what is done with the pericardium after open heart surgery
left unsutured or only loosely approximated to avoid cardiac tamponade
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