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what are iron rings called in k-cone
Fleisher rings
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how does riboflavin play a key role in energy metabolism
it turns carbs into ATP, it helps break down fats, proteins and carbs.
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why does glycation occur more often in diabetics
because of the higher levels of plasma glucose…more fuel to feed the fire, so the fire burns bigger, but quicker
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what are the striae called in kcone?
Vogt’s striae
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what does Levaquin do?
it is a fluoroquinolone
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what does promethazine do?
it is used to treat nausea and vomiting..a first generation antihistamine similar to Benadryl (Phenergan)
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sumatriptan is used for what?
acute treatment of headaches
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what is benzonatate:
an anti cough medicine like Mucinex
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How does Nexplanon work
progestin release…stops ovulation
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what is a 1-2 on the modified frisen scale
what is a 1-2 on the modified frisen scale
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what are patton folds:
retinal folds that spared the RNFL and the choroid
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The differential diagnoses for the bilateral optic disc edema considered in the case include
- Pseudopapilledema
- Papillitis
- Hypertensive optic neuropathy
- Central retinal vein occlusion
- Ischemic optic neuropathy
- Papilledema
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Pseudopapilledema
sector swelling, disc drusen
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Papillitis
unilateral swelling, affects VA
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Hypertensive optic neuropathy
extreme elevation of bp, vascular changes, HTN
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Central retinal vein occlusion
acute vision loss, unilateral
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Ischemic optic neuropathy
pale disc, acute vision loss
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What does chem 14 lab do..comprehensive metabolic panel
it tests your body’s chemistry and the way it uses energy
How kidneys and liver are functioning
Blood sugar
Electrolyte levels (Na, K, Cl-, CO2)
How much protein is in your blood (albumin
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what liver tests are in chem 14
ALP alkaline phosphatase
ALT (alanine amino transferase)
AST (aspartate amino transferase)
Bilirubin
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what kidney tests are in chem 14?
Bun blood urea nitrogen
Creatinine
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Why could chloride be high after diarrhea
loss of bicarbonate from excessive sodium loss
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What do the labs mean in the pseudotumor case?
Excessive sodium loss – dehydrated, or low bi carb
High WBC – a general infection/inflammation
High neutrophils – a general sign of infection, likely bacterial, stress, thyroiditis, but likely it was from her smoking habit
High eosinophils – could be allergic reaction
Low lymphocyte – maybe a bacterial infection, or an auto immune disease
Inflammation denied by normal ESR/CRP
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syphilis panel labs
- VDRL screens for active syphilis
- FTA-ABS checks for history of syphilis through antibodies
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Lysozyme A
to rule out sarcoidosis
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Hep panel - r/o may cause inflammation of the eyes
- HA Ab-IgM
- HA Ab-IgG
- HBsAg
- HCV
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CRP
to r/o chronic inflammatory disease
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CBC:
Elevated MCV
ABS neutrophils
- could be alcoholism
- general systemic inflammation
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CMP
Liver: Elevated ALP
Renal: elevated AST
Elevated ALT
Low for albumin
- Liver enzymes were high from APAP abuse
- AST/ALT could be a sign of alcoholism
- sign of acute or chronic inflammation
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Urinalysis
confirmatory test for renal dz
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NAT for HIV1, HIV1/o/2
neurosyphilis and HIV are friends
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Toxoplasma IGG/IGM
r/o recent history of toxoplasmosis
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EBV DNA
positive for mononuculosis...a herpetic variant infection
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penicillin G
for late/neurosyphilis
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IM Rocephin
Uncomplicated gonococcal infection of pharynx, cervix, urethra, or rectum
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Azithromycin 1 g
effective against uncomplicated urogenital gonorrhea
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Doxycycline 100
first-line treatment of choice for chlamydia
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